For patient information, click Hypoventilation
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Synonyms and keywords:
Overview
In medicine, hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo means "below") to perform needed gas exchange. It generally causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis. It can be caused by medical conditions, by holding one's breath, or by drugs, typically when taken in overdose. Hypoventilation may be dangerous for those with sleep apnea.
Classification
Pathophysiology
Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning "below") to perform needed gas exchange. By definition it causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) and respiratory acidosis.
Associated Conditions
- Disorders like (CCHS) and Rapid-Onset Obesity, Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation, with Autonomic Dysregulation are recognized as conditions that are associated with hypoventilation. CCHS may be a significant factor in some cases of (SIDS), often termed "cot death" or "crib death".
- The opposite condition is (too much ventilation), resulting in low carbon dioxide levels, rather than hypercapnia.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
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No underlying causes
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| Chemical/Poisoning
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No underlying causes
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| Dental
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No underlying causes
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| Dermatologic
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No underlying causes
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| Drug Side Effect
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Acetaminophen/Codeine Phosphate, Acetaminophen/Oxycodone Hydrochloride, Alcuronium, Alfentanyl, Alfentanil Hydrochloride, Alprostadil, Apomorphine, Aspirin/Caffeine/Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate, Aspirin/Codeine Phosphate, Aspirin/Oxycodone Hydrochloride, Atropine Sulfate, Baclofen, Brimonidine, Bupivacaine, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, Buprenorphine/Naloxone, Butalbital/Acetaminophen/Caffeine/Codeine Phosphate, Butalbital/Aspirin/Caffeine/Codeine Phosphate, Butorphanol, Butorphanol Tartrate, Carisoprodol/Aspirin/Codeine Phosphate, Cifenline, Clonazepam, Clonidine, Codeine, Codeine Phosphate/Guaifenesin, Codeine Sulfate, Dantrolene, Desflurane, Dexmedetomidine, Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride, Diazepam, Diclofenac, Dihydrocodeine, Disulfiram, Droperidol, Enflurane, Ethanol, Fentanyl, Fentanyl Citrate, Fentanyl/Droperidol, Halazepam, Homatropine Methylbromide/Hydrocodone Bitartrate, Hydrocodone, Hydrocodone Bitartrate, Hydrocodone Bitartrate/Acetaminophen, Hydrocodone Bitartrate/Chlorpheniramine Maleate, Hydrocodone Bitartrate/Guaifenesin, Hydrocodone Bitartrate/Ibuprofen, Hydrocodone Bitartrate/Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride, Hydrocodone Polistirex/Chlorpheniramine Polistirex, Hydrocodone/Chlorpheniramine/Pseudoephedrine, Hydromorphone, Hydromorphone Hydrochloride, Ipratropium, Isoflurane, Ketamine, Ketamine Hydrochloride, Levorphanol, Levorphanol Tartrate, Lidocaine, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, Lorazepam, Magnesium, Meperidine, Meperidine Hydrochloride, Methadone, Methadone Hydrochloride, Methohexital, Methohexital Sodium, Midazolam, Midazolam Hydrochloride, Morphine, Morphine Sulfate, Morphine Sulfate Liposome, Morphine Sulfate/Naltrexone Hydrochloride, Nalbuphine, Nalbuphine Hydrochloride, Nefopam, Neostigmine, Nortriptyline, Onabotulinumtoxina, Opium, Oxycodone, Oxycodone Hydrochloride, Oxycodone Hydrochloride/Naloxone Hydrochloride, Oxycodon, Oxycodone Hydrochloride, Oxycodone Hydrochloride/Naloxone Hydrochloride, Oxycodone/Ibuprofen, Oxymorphone, Oxymorphone Hydrochloride, Pancuronium, Pancuronium Bromide, Pentazocine, Pentazocine Hydrochloride/Acetaminophen, Pentazocine Hydrochloride/Naloxone Hydrochloride, Pentazocine Lactate, Pentobarbital, Phenelzine, Polymixinb, Prilocaine, Prilocaine Hydrochloride, Promethazine, Promethazine Hydrochloride, Promethazine Hydrochloride/Codeine Phosphate, Promethazine/Phenylephrine/Codeine Phosphate, Propoxyphene, Propoxyphene Napsylate/Acetaminophen, Quinine, Remifentail, Remifentanil Hydrochloride, Riluzole, Rimabotulinumtoxinb, Secobarbital sodium, Sevoflurane, Sodium Oxybate, Succinylcholine, Succinylcholine Chloride, Sufentanil, Sufentanil Citrate, Tapentadol, Tapentadol Hydrochloride, Thiopental Sodium, Tilidine, Tramadol, Tramadol Hydrochloride, Tromethamine, Zanamivir
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| Ear Nose Throat
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No underlying causes
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| Endocrine
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No underlying causes
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| Environmental
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No underlying causes
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| Gastroenterologic
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No underlying causes
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| Genetic
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| Hematologic
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| Iatrogenic
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| Infectious Disease
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| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
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No underlying causes
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| Neurologic
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No underlying causes
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| Nutritional/Metabolic
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No underlying causes
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| Obstetric/Gynecologic
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No underlying causes
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| Oncologic
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No underlying causes
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| Ophthalmologic
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No underlying causes
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| Overdose/Toxicity
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No underlying causes
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| Psychiatric
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No underlying causes
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| Pulmonary
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No underlying causes
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| Renal/Electrolyte
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No underlying causes
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| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
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No underlying causes
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| Sexual
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No underlying causes
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| Trauma
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No underlying causes
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| Urologic
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No underlying causes
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| Miscellaneous
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No underlying causes
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Differentiating type page name here from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
- Respiratory stimulants such as nikethamide were traditionally used to counteract respiratory depression from CNS depressant overdose, but were of only limited effectiveness.
- A new respiratory stimulant drug called BIMU8 is being investigated which seems to be significantly more effective and may be useful for counteracting the respiratory depression produced by opiates and similar drugs without offsetting their therapeutic effects.
- If the respiratory depression is from opioid overdose, then the overdose itself is usually treated with an inverse agonist, most likely naloxone, which will itself almost instantaneously stop the respiratory depression if caused by an opioid (and also, depending on the dose, plunge the patient into precipitated withdrawal).
References
Template:WikiDoc Sources