Bowel obstruction causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Causes
Causes by Localization
Small Bowel obstruction
- Adhesions from previous abdominal surgery
- Carcinoid rare, preferred location: ileum
- Crohn's disease causing adhesions or inflammatory strictures
- Foreign bodies (e.g. gallstones in gallstone ileus, swallowed objects)
- Hernias containing bowel
- Intestinal atresia
- Intussusception in children
- Ischaemic strictures
- Neoplasms, benign or malignant
- Volvulus
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Upright abdominal X-ray demonstrating a small bowel obstruction. Note multiple air fluid levels.
Large Bowel obstruction
Causes of large bowel obstruction include:
- Neoplasms
- Hernias
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Colonic volvulus (sigmoid, caecal, transverse colon)
- Faecal impaction
- Colon atresia
- Benign strictures (Diverticular Disease)
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Upright abdominal X-ray of a patient with a large bowel obstruction showing multiple air fluid levels and dilated loops of bowel.
Causes by Organ System
- Miscellaneous syndromes
- Paralytic Ileus
- Pseudo-obstruction or Ogilvie's syndrome
- Chromosomal abnormalities
- Autosomal dominant conditions
- Neurofibromatosis type 1
- Malignant neoplastic conditions
- Trauma, mechanical and physical conditions
- Infectious disorders
- Ascariasis
- Intra-abdominal sepsis
- Pneumonia or other systemic illness
- Drug Induced
Causes by Mechanism
Mechanical Bowel obstruction
- Adenomatous polyps
- Adhesions
- Adhesive bands
- Annular pancreas
- Ascariades
- Atresia
- Biliary calculus
- Bowel duplication
- Carcinomatosis
- Colon Cancer
- Congenital megacolon
- Crohn's Disease
- Cysts
- Diverticular stricture
- Diverticulitis
- Endometriosis
- Foreign body
- Gallstone ileus
- Hematoma of the bowel wall
- Hernia
- Hirschprung's disease
- Iatrogenic
- Imperforate anus
- Incarcerated hernia
- Inflammatory
- Intrabdominal abscess
- Intrabdominal hematoma
- Invagination, intussusception
- Ischemia
- Malrotation
- Meckel's Diverticulum
- Megacolon
- Multiple polyposis syndromes
- Neoplasm
- Ovarian Cancer
- Pneumatosis intestinalis
- Postoperative
- Pregnancy
- Radiation induced stenosis
- Sarcoma
- Scleroderma
- Surgical anastomosis
- Therapy with dietary fiber
- Trauma
- Tuberculosis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Volvulus
Non Mechanical Bowel obstruction
- Acid-base imbalance
- Acute pancreatitis
- Anticholinergics
- Antihistamines
- Apoplexy
- Brain tumor
- Cancer
- Catecholamines
- Cholecystolithiasis
- Connective tissue disease
- Diabetic coma
- Empyema
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypokalemia
- Lead poisoning
- Lymphoma
- Mechanical ventilation
- Mesenteric infarction
- Meropenem
- Morphine
- Narcotics
- Osteomyelitis of the spine
- Ovarian torsion
- Pancreatitis
- Penetrating wounds
- Perinephric abscess
- Peritoneal carcinomatosis
- Peritonitis
- Pneumonia
- Porphyria
- Postoperative
- Psoas abscess
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal colic
- Retroperitoneal hematoma
- Spinal cord inflammation
- Spinal cord injury
- Spinal cord trauma
- Systemic infection
- Testicular torsion
- Ulcer perforation
- Uremia
- Urosepsis
- Vitamin deficiency
Pseudo Bowel obstruction
- Aerophagia
- Functional bowel disease