Ischemic stroke causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

The cause of stroke is an interruption in the blood supply, with a resulting depletion of oxygen and glucose in the affected area. This immediately reduces or abolishes neuronal function, and also initiates an ischemic cascade which causes neurons to die or be seriously damaged, further impairing brain function.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Air embolism, amyloid angiopathy, amyloidosis , aneurysm, antithrombin III deficiency, arteriosclerosis obliterans, arteritis, atheroma, atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, atrial myxoma, atrial septal aneurysm, atrial septal defect, bacterial endocarditis, cardiac arrest, carotid artery dissection, carotid artery stenosis, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, dissecting aortic aneurysm, dissection, embolism, endocarditis, endomyocardial fibrosis, familial hypercholesterolemia, fibromuscular dysplasia, hyperlipoproteinemia, hypertension, hypoxemia, infective endocarditis , internal carotid agenesis, internal carotid artery aneurysm, intracranial arteriovenous malformation, ischemia, left atrial myxoma, left atrial thrombus, left ventricular aneurysm, left ventricular thrombus, Libman-Sacks endocarditis, lipoproteinemia, malignant hypertension, marantic endocarditis , Meloxicam, mitral annular calcification, mitral valve prolapse, multi-infarct dementia, myocardial infarction, papillary fibroelastoma, patent foramen ovale, pericardial effusion, pulmonary arterio-venous malformation, pulmonary embolism, rheumatic heart disease, rheumatoid vasculitis, sick sinus syndrome, Sneddon-Champion syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, sustained atrial flutter, systemic hypertension, Takayasu arteritis, thromboembolism , thrombosis, vascular dementia, vascular malformations, vasculitis, vasoconstriction, ventricular aneurysm, vertebral artery dissection
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous, Behcet's disease, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, rheumatoid vasculitis, Sneddon-Champion syndrome, Sturge-Weber syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis
Drug Side Effect Clomifene, Dexamethasone- (epidural injection),Diflunisal, Eletriptan, Erythropoietin, Etonogestrel, Febuxostat, Goserelin,Letrozole, Leuprolide, Medroxyprogesterone, Mefenamic acid, Norgestimate and Ethinyl estradiol, Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol, Ospemifene, Pergolide, Piroxicam, Pramipexole, Progesterone, Sumatriptan, Tamoxifen, Thalidomide
Ear Nose Throat Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, Wolfram syndrome
Endocrine Amyloidosis, Conn's adenoma, Conn's syndrome, diabetes mellitus type I, diabetes mellitus type II, Wolfram syndrome
Environmental Decompression sickness, dysbarism
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Adenosine deaminase deficiency, Ales dysfibrinogenemia, CADASIL, CARASIL, cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, Fabry's disease, Fabry's disease,hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia , factor V Leiden mutation, familial hemiplegic migraine, HERNS syndrome, homocystinuria, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, lipoproteinemia, MELAS, Menkes disease, methylmalonic acidemia, methylmalonic aciduria, mitochondrial diseases, osteopetrosis, progeria, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Sturge-Weber syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, Werner syndrome, Wolfram syndrome
Hematologic Ales dysfibrinogenemia, antiphospholipid syndrome, antithrombin III deficiency, Bing-Neel syndrome, bleeding disorders, embolism, essential thrombocytosis, factor V Leiden mutation, hemophilia A, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, polycythemia vera, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, sickle cell anemia, sickle cell disease, thrombocythemia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Iatrogenic Air embolism, bioprosthetic valves, coronary angiography, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery
Infectious Disease HIV, neurosyphilis, syphilis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, osteopetrosis, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
Neurologic Air embolism, amyloid angiopathy, antiphospholipid syndrome, autonomic dysreflexia, Binswanger's disease, CADASIL, CARASIL, carotid artery stenosis, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ventricle neoplasm, familial hemiplegic migraine, fibromuscular dysplasia, giant cell arteritis, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, HERNS syndrome, HIV, homocystinuria, internal carotid agenesis, internal carotid artery aneurysm, intracerebral hemorrhage, intracranial arteriovenous malformation, intracranial berry aneurysm, intracranial hemorrhage, lacunar infarcts, lacunar stroke, lipohyalinosis, migraine, mitochondrial diseases, moyamoya disease, multi-infarct dementia, posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome, primary angiitis, sleep apnea, Sneddon-Champion syndrome, subarachnoid haemorrhage, transient ischemic attack , vascular dementia, vascular malformations, vertebral artery dissection, Wolfram syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic Adenosine deaminase deficiency, amyloidosis, cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, Fabry's disease, familial hypercholesterolemia, homocystinuria, hyperhomocysteinemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, lipoproteinemia, Menkes disease, methylmalonic acidemia, methylmalonic aciduria
Obstetric/Gynecologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, eclampsia, pre-eclampsia
Oncologic Angioma hereditary neurocutaneous, Bing-Neel syndrome, Conn's adenoma, Conn-Louis carcinoma, papillary fibroelastoma
Ophthalmologic Cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency, giant cell arteritis, HERNS syndrome, homocystinuria, Wolfram syndrome
Overdose/Toxicity Amphetamine abuse, cocaine overdose, crack addiction, crystal meth addiction, ecstasy overdose, illicit drug use, methamphetamine overdose, narcotic addiction, substance abuse
Psychiatric Binswanger's disease, conversion disorder, multi-infarct dementia, vascular dementia
Pulmonary Hypoxemia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Renal/Electrolyte Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, fibromuscular dysplasia, HERNS syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Adenosine deaminase deficiency, amyloidosis, antiphospholipid syndrome, Behcet's disease, giant cell arteritis, HIV, lupus, rheumatoid vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, velocardiofacial syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Autonomic dysreflexia, trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, decompression sickness, dysbarism, mechanical heart valves, premature aging

Causes of Stroke Based on Classification

Ischemic Stroke Causes

Hemorrhagic Stroke Causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Joutel A, Corpechot C, Ducros A, Vahedi K, Chabriat H, Mouton P; et al. (1996). "Notch3 mutations in CADASIL, a hereditary adult-onset condition causing stroke and dementia". Nature. 383 (6602): 707–10. doi:10.1038/383707a0. PMID 8878478.
  2. ↑ Fukutake T (2011). "Cerebral autosomal recessive arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CARASIL): from discovery to gene identification". J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 20 (2): 85–93. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.11.008. PMID 21215656.
  3. ↑ Jen, J.; Cohen, A. H.; Yue, Q.; Stout, J. T.; Vinters, H. V.; Nelson, S.; Baloh, R. W. (1997). "Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke(HERNS)". Neurology. 49 (5): 1322–1330. doi:10.1212/WNL.49.5.1322. ISSN 0028-3878.
  4. ↑ Seifried C, Sitzer M, Jen J, Auburger G (2005). "[HERNS. A rare, hereditary, multisystemic disease with cerebral microangiopathy]". Nervenarzt. 76 (10): 1191–2, 1194–5. doi:10.1007/s00115-005-1910-0. PMID 15856153.

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