Acrocyanosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

Acrocyanosis results from central or local tissue oxygenation defects[1]. Acrocyanosis could be due to both primary and secondary causes, from neurologic, psychiatric, autoimmune, infective, metabolic or other causes and its treatment depends on the underlying cause.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Atheromatous embolism, Buerger's disease, chronic orthostatic intolerance, erythromelalgia, myocardial infarction, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, Sneddon syndrome, Takayasu arteritis
Chemical / poisoning Arsenic poisoning, Butyl nitrate
Dermatologic Acrocyanosis of infancy, black foot disease, Buerger's disease, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, fucosidosis, livedoid vasculopathy, remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, scleroderma, sulfhemoglobinemia, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, waldenström macroglobulinemia, wegener's granulomatosis
Drug Side Effect Amiodarone, Amphotericin B deoxycholate, butyl nitrate, butyl nitrite, desipramine, fluoxetine, gemcitabine, imipramine, interferon 2 alpha, metoclopramide, phenazopyridine, tolazoline, tricyclic antidepressants, vasopressors
Ear Nose Throat Wegener's granulomatosis, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
Endocrine Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, carcinoid syndrome, POEMS syndrome
Environmental Cold exposure, high altitude
Gastroenterologic Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, carcinoid syndrome, fucosidosis, Sandifer syndrome, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Genetic Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, Asperger disease, DiGeorge syndrome, erythromelalgia, ethylmalonic aciduria, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, familial spastic paraplegia, fucosidosis, genetic, mitochondrial disease
Hematologic Antiphospholipid syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, Castleman's disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, cold agglutinin disease, cryoglobulinemia, essential thrombocytopenia, methemoglobinemia, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, polycythemia, pulmonary embolism, secondary polycythemia, sulfhemoglobinemia, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Congenital syphilis, cytomegalovirus, HIV, infectious mononucleosis, influenza virus infection, listeriosis, mumps, mycoplasma, parvovirus B19 infection, psittacosis, secondary syphilis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Antiphospholipid syndrome, brachial plexus neuropathy, Buerger's disease, erythromelalgia, fucosidosis, Klippel-Feil syndrome, puffy hand syndrome, stroke,remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis, scalenus anterior syndrome, supernumerary cervical rib, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Neurologic Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, apnea, Asperger disease, brachial plexus neuropathy, cervical plexus compression neuropathy, ergotism, erythromelalgia, ethylmalonic aciduria, ethylmalonic encephalopathy, familial spastic paraplegia, mitochondrial disease, POEMS syndrome, Sandifer syndrome, Sneddon syndrome, spinal cord injury, stroke, thoracic outlet syndrome, tonic-clonic seizure, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, vegetative dystonia
Nutritional / Metabolic Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, ethylmalonic aciduria, fucosidosis
Obstetric/Gynecologic Antiphospholipid syndrome,ovarian cancer
Oncologic Burkitt's lymphoma, carcinoid syndrome, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, malignancy, ovarian cancer, paraneoplastic disorder, Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Opthalmologic Atheromatous embolism, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Overdose / Toxicity Ergotism
Psychiatric Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, anorexia nervosa, asperger disease, bulimia nervosa, neurocirculatory asthenia, schizophrenia, Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
Pulmonary Pickwickian syndrome, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Renal / Electrolyte Hyperoxaluria type 1, oxalosis, scleroderma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, Wegener's granulomatosis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, Buerger's disease, Castleman's disease, CREST syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, DiGeorge syndrome, livedoid vasculopathy, mixed connective tissue disorder, paraneoplastic disorder, paraproteinemia, Raynaud's phenomenon, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sneddon syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental Wegener's granulomatosis
Miscellaneous Black foot disease, high altitude, idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Das S, Maiti A (2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.
  2. ↑ Pavlou E, Augoustides-Savvopoulou P, Gregersen N, Haas D, Gkampeta A, Athanassiadou-Piperopoulou F (2013). "An infant with ethylmalonic encephalopathy masquerading as a hematologic disorder". J Child Neurol. 28 (5): 668–71. doi:10.1177/0883073812449070. PMID 22805253.
  3. ↑ Gayraud M (2007). "Raynaud's phenomenon". Joint Bone Spine. 74 (1): e1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.07.002. PMID 17218139.
  4. ↑ Abdel-Salam GM, Zaki MS, Lebon P, Meguid NA (2004). "Aicardi-Goutières syndrome: clinical and neuroradiological findings of 10 new cases". Acta Paediatr. 93 (7): 929–36. PMID 15303808.
  5. ↑ Ozaras R, Yemisen M, Mete B, Mert A, Ozturk R, Tabak F (2007). "Acrocyanosis developed with amphotericin B deoxycholate but not with amphotericin B lipid complex". Mycoses. 50 (3): 242. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01360.x. PMID 17472626.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mitchell JE, Crow S (2006). "Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa". Curr Opin Psychiatry. 19 (4): 438–43. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000228768.79097.3e. PMID 16721178.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Strumia R (2005). "Dermatologic signs in patients with eating disorders". Am J Clin Dermatol. 6 (3): 165–73. PMID 15943493.
  8. ↑ Salluh JI, Soares M, De Meis E (2009). "Antiphospholipid antibodies and multiple organ failure in critically ill cancer patients". Clinics (Sao Paulo). 64 (2): 79–82. PMC 2666481. PMID 19219311.
  9. ↑ Diallo M, Niang SO, Kane A, Dieng MT, Ndiaye B (2007). "[Antiphospholipid antibodies syndrome in dermatology in Dakar: 11 case report]". Dakar Med. 52 (1): 41–5. PMID 19102091.
  10. ↑ Di Lucca J, Mahé E, Saiag P (2007). "[Severe acrocyanosis in carcinoid syndrome]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 134 (11): 895–6. PMID 18033083.
  11. ↑ Hirono H, Kubota T, Funakoshi K, Watanabe T, Hasegawa K, Soga K; et al. (2011). "[A case of superior mesenteric artery occlusion associated with idiopathic chronic cold agglutinin disease]". Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 108 (5): 791–8. PMID 21558747.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lauritano D, Bussolati A, Baldoni M, Leonida A (2011). "Scleroderma and CREST syndrome: a case report in dentistry". Minerva Stomatol. 60 (9): 443–65. PMID 21956352.
  13. ↑ Heberle LC, Al Tawari AA, Ramadan DG, Ibrahim JK (2006). "Ethylmalonic encephalopathy-report of two cases". Brain Dev. 28 (5): 329–31. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2005.10.005. PMID 16376514.
  14. ↑ Holstein A, Bätge R, Egberts EH (2010). "Gemcitabine induced digital ischaemia and necrosis". Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 19 (3): 408–9. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2008.01057.x. PMID 19490003.
  15. ↑ Solak Y, Aksoy S, Kilickap S, Celik I (2006). "Acrocyanosis as a presenting symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma". Am J Hematol. 81 (2): 151–2. doi:10.1002/ajh.20479. PMID 16432859.
  16. ↑ Jiminez MA, Polena S, Coplan NL, Patel K, Gintautas J (2007). "Methemoglobinemia and transesophageal echo". Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 50: 134–5. PMID 18605250.
  17. ↑ Jorquera-Barquero E, Súarez-Marrero MC, Fernández Girón F, Borrero Martín JJ (2013). "Oxalosis and livedo reticularis". Actas Dermosifiliogr. 104 (9): 815–8. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019. PMID 23103120.
  18. ↑ Blackmon JA, Jeffy BG, Malone JC, Knable AL (2011). "Oxalosis involving the skin: case report and literature review". Arch Dermatol. 147 (11): 1302–5. doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.182. PMID 21768445.
  19. ↑ Kermani TA, Pislaru SV, Osborn TG (2009). "Acrocyanosis from phenazopyridine-induced sulfhemoglobinemia mistaken for Raynaud phenomenon". J Clin Rheumatol. 15 (3): 127–9. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31819db6db. PMID 19300288.
  20. ↑ Miest RY, Comfere NI, Dispenzieri A, Lohse CM, el-Azhary RA (2013). "Cutaneous manifestations in patients with POEMS syndrome". Int J Dermatol. 52 (11): 1349–56. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05648.x. PMID 23557151.
  21. ↑ Das S, Roy AK, Maiti A (2010). "Remittent idiopathic necrotizing acrocyanosis - a rare entity". Indian J Dermatol. 55 (1): 95–6. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.60362. PMC 2856383. PMID 20418987.
  22. ↑ Richter JG, Sander O, Schneider M, Klein-Weigel P (2010). "Diagnostic algorithm for Raynaud's phenomenon and vascular skin lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus". Lupus. 19 (9): 1087–95. doi:10.1177/0961203310374304. PMID 20693202.
  23. ↑ Feito Rodríguez M, García Macarrón J, Martín Díaz MA, Rubio Flores C, Vidaurrázaga Díaz-Arcaya C (2006). "[Acrocyanosis as a form of presentation of progressive systemic sclerosis]". An Med Interna. 23 (10): 490–2. PMID 17134313.
  24. ↑ Karakaya I, Aydoğan M, Coşkun A, Gökalp AS (2003). "Acrocyanosis as a side effect of tricyclic antidepressants: a case report". Turk J Pediatr. 45 (2): 155–7. PMID 12921305.

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