Bronchiectasis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Bronchiectasis can be caused by both, congenital and acquired factors. Congenital factors include conditions such as Kartagener syndrome and Young's syndrome. Acquired factors include tuberculosis infections such as endobronchial tuberculosis as well as inflammatory bowel diseases like Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's disease.
Causes
Congenital
| Causes | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| Kartagener syndrome | Affects the mobility of cilia in the lungs[1] | |
| Cystic fibrosis | A small number of patients develop severe localized bronchiectasis[2] | A small number of patients develop severe localized bronchiectasis |
| Young's syndrome | Clinically similar to cystic fibrosis and is due to the occurrence of chronic, sinopulmonary infections[3] | |
| Yellow Nail Syndrome | Many of these patients develop bronchiectasis | |
| Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency | These patients are particularly susceptible to bronchiectasis, for unknown reasons[4] | |
| Primary Immunodeficiencies | Due to the weakened or nonexistent immune system response to severe, recurrent pulmonary infections[5] |
Acquired
Bronchiectasis from these causes occur more frequently.
- Post-infectious - viral, bacterial, fungal, atypical mycobacterial
-
- Endobronchial tuberculosis commonly leads to bronchiectasis, either from bronchial stenosis or secondary traction from fibrosis.
- This stems from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- This disease predisposes patients to a variety of pulmonary ailments, such as pneumonia and other opportunistic infections.[6]
- This is especially with Ulcerative Colitis. It can occur in Crohn's disease as well, but does so less frequently.
- Bronchiectasis in this situation usually stems from various allergic responses to inhaled fungus spores.[7]
- Rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases
- One study showed a tenfold increase in the prevalence of the disease in this patients who smoke.[8] Still, it is unclear as to whether or not cigarette smoke is a specific primary cause of bronchiectasis.
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Other acquired causes are
- Environmental exposures including respiratory infections
- Airway obstructions such as tumors or enlarged lymph nodes
- Inhalation and aspiration of ammonia and other toxic gases
- Pulmonary aspiration
- Alcoholism
- Heroin (drug use)
- Various allergies[9]
References
- ↑ Morillas HN, Zariwala M, Knowles MR (2007). "Genetic Causes of Bronchiectasis: Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia". Respiration. 72 (3): 252–63. PMID 17534128.
- ↑ Dalrymple-Hay MJ, Lucas J, Connett G, Lea RE (1999). "Lung resection for the treatment of severe localized bronchiectasis in cystic fibrosis patients". Acta Chir Hung. 38 (1): 23–5. PMID 10439089.
- ↑ Handelsman DJ, Conway AJ, Boylan LM, & Turtle JR (1984). "Young's syndrome. Obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections". NEJM. 310 (1): 3–9.
- ↑ Shin MS, Ho KJ (1993). "Bronchiectasis in patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. A rare occurrence?". Chest. 104: 1384–86.
- ↑ Notarangelo LD, Plebani A, Mazzolari E, Soresina A, Bondioni MP (2007). "Genetic causes of bronchiectasis: primary immune deficiencies and the lung". Respiration. 74 (3): 264–75. PMID 17534129.
- ↑ Sheikh S, Madiraju K, Steiner P, Rao M (1997). "Bronchiectasis in pediatric AIDS". Chest. 112 (5): 1202–7. PMID 9367458.
- ↑ Ferguson HR, Convery RP (2002). "An unusual complication of ulcerative colitis". Postgrad. Med. J. 78: 503.
- ↑ Kaushik, VV, Hutchinson D, Desmond J, Lynch MP, and Dawson JK (2004). "Association between bronchiectasis and smoking in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 63: 1001–2.
- ↑ Lamari NM, Martins ALQ, Oliveira JV, Marino LC, Valério N (2006). "Bronchiectasis and clearence physiotherapy: emphasis in postural drainage and percussion". Braz. j. cardiovasc. surg. (in Portuguese). 21 (2).