Urethral cancer epidemiology and demographics
|
Urethral cancer Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Urethral cancer epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Urethral cancer epidemiology and demographics |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Urethral cancer epidemiology and demographics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Urethral cancer is rare. The annual incidence rates in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database over the period from 1973 to 2002 in the United States for men and for women were 4.3 and 1.5 per million, respectively, with downward trends over the three decades.[1] The incidence was twice as high in African Americans as in whites (5 million vs. 2.5 per million). Urethral cancers appear to be associated with infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV16, a strain of HPV known to be causative for cervical cancer.[2,3]
Because of its rarity, nearly all information about the treatment of urethral cancer and the outcomes of therapy is derived from retrospective, single-center case series and, therefore, represents a very low level of evidence of 3iiiDiv. The majority of information comes from cases accumulated over many decades at major academic centers.