Bladder cancer pathophysiology
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Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.
Overview
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer include HRAS, Rb1, PTEN/MMAC1, NAT2, and GSTM1.
Pathogenesis
- Under normal conditions, the bladder, the lower part of the kidneys (the renal pelvises), the ureters, and the proximal urethra are lined with a specialized mucous membrane referred to as transitional epithelium (also called urothelium).
- Most cancers that form in the bladder, the renal pelvises, the ureters, and the proximal urethra are transitional cell carcinomas (also called urothelial carcinomas) that derive from transitional epithelium.
Genetics
Genetic mutations:
Gross Pathology
Transitional cell carcinomas have 2 main growth patterns. Papillary urothelial carcinomas have slim finger-like projections that grow from the lining of the bladder into the bladder cavity. Flat urothelial carcinomas lay flat in the lining of the bladder. They grow deeper into the layers of the bladder wall rather than into the bladder cavity.