Ependymoma natural history
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmad Al Maradni, M.D. [2]
Overview
Complication
where they may produce obstruction of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. Arising in the walls of the lateral ventricles over the basal ganglia, this tumor tends to cause obstruction when it becomes large.
Prognosis
Unfavorable factors affecting outcome include the following:
- Gain of chromosome 1q25 is present in approximately 20% of pediatric intracranial ependymoma cases and has been reported as a negative prognostic factor by multiple research groups.[1][2][3][4]
- Gene expression profile.[5][6]
- Other factors that have been reported to be associated with poor prognosis for pediatric ependymoma include expression of the enzymatic subunit of telomerase (hTERT) [15-17] and expression of the neural stem cell marker Nestin.[7]
- Tumor location. Cranial variants of ependymoma have a less favorable outcome than primary spinal cord ependymomas.[19,20] Location within the spinal cord may also affect outcome, with tumors in the lower portion of the spinal cord having a worse prognosis.[21][Level of evidence: 3iiiA]
Younger age at diagnosis.[8]
- Anaplastic histology.[8][9]
- Subtotal resection.[8]
- Lower doses of radiation.[10]
- Immunohistochemical testing has identified increased expression of markers of proliferation (e.g., Ki-67 and MIB-1) [28,29] and increased expression of EZH2, a polycomb complex protein involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, as prognostic factors for greater risk of treatment failure.[11]
References
- ↑ Scheyer M, Iannascoli F, Brioude R, Canet J (1975). "[Transport of "high-risk" newborn infants. (Apropos of 159 emergency calls by the SAMU 94-Service d'Aide Médicale Urgente-Emergency Health Service)]". Ann Anesthesiol Fr. 16 Spec No 1: 130–4. PMID 2070-9 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Harris JE, Karobath M, Baldessarini RJ (1976). "Characteristics of tyrosine hydroxylation in isolated nerve endings". Biochem Pharmacol. 25 (1): 91–3. PMID 3182-90 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Mekler LB (1975). "On the problem of oncogene of tumour viruses". Acta Virol. 19 (6): 501–8. PMID 2001-11 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Collier JR (1975). "Polyadenylation of nascent RNA during the embryogenesis of Ilyanassa obsoleta". Exp Cell Res. 95 (2): 263–8. PMID 247-57 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Koval TM, Myser WC, Hink WF (1975). "Effects of x-irradiation on cell division, oxygen consumption, and growth medium pH of an insect cell line cultured in vitro". Radiat Res. 64 (3): 524–32. PMID 727-38 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Sloane NH (1975). "alpha-Naphthoflavone activation of 6-hydroxymethylbenzo(alpha)pyrene synthetase". Cancer Res. 35 (12): 3731–4. PMID 143-57 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Allam AM, Hussein AM, Ragab AM (1975). "Amylase of the thermophilic actinomycete Thermomonospora vulgaris". Z Allg Mikrobiol. 15 (6): 393–8. PMID 848-60 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 White F (1975). "Epidemiology and infection control". Dimens Health Serv. 52 (12): 34, 37, 39. PMID 1303-12 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Hunter AL, Klaassen CD (1975). "Biliary excretion of colchicine in newborn rats". Drug Metab Dispos. 3 (6): 530–5. PMID 1230-7 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Davison C, Benziger D, Fritz A, Edelson J (1975). "Absorption and disposition of 2-[4-(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid, WIN 35,833, in rats, monkeys, and men". Drug Metab Dispos. 3 (6): 520–4. PMID 1228-35 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Ezer E, Szporny L (1975). "A complementary method for the quantitative evaluation of rat stomach with Shay-ulcer". J Pharm Pharmacol. 27 (11): 866–7. PMID 1499-507 Check
|pmid=value (help).