Mnemonic
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Phrase
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Description
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Aortic regurgitation: causes
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CREAM
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- Congenital
- Rheumatic damage
- Endocarditis
- Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation
- Marfan’s
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Aortic stenosis characteristics
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SAD
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Aorta vs. vena cava: right vs. left
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Aorta=Right
Vena Cava=Left
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- Aorta and right each have 5 letters, so aorta is on the right
- Vena and cava and left each have 4 letters, so vena cava is on the left
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Aortic to left Subclavian path
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ABC'S
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- Aortic arch gives rise to:
- Brachiocephalic trunk left
- Common Carotid left Subclavian
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Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable
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HILT
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- Heaving
- Impalpable
- Laterally displaced
- Thrusting/ Tapping
If it's impalpable, causes are COPD: COPD Obesity Pleural, Pericardial effusion Dextrocardia
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Atrial Fibrillation causes
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PIRATES
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- Pulmonary: PE, COPD
- Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation
- Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
- Thyroid: hyperthyroid
- Endocarditis
- Sick sinus syndrome
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Atrial fibrillation management
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ABCD
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- Anti-cogulant
- Beta-block to control rate
- Cardiovert
- Digoxin
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Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)| style="text-align: center;"
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3 D's
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- Distant heart sounds
- Distended jugular veins
- Decreased arterial pressure
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Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers
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Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium:
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- Betaxolol
- Acebutelol
- Esmolol
- Atenolol
- Metoprolol
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CHF Treatment
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LMNOP
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- Lasix
- Morphine
- Nitrites
- Oxygen
- VassoPressors
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CHF: causes of exacerbation
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FAILURE
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Forgot medication
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia Ischemia
Infarction/ Infection
Lifestyle: taken too much salt
Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary
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Complications of Myocardial Infarction
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Darth Vader
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- Death
- Arrythmia
- Rupture(free ventricular wall/ ventricular septum/ papillary muscles)
- Tamponade
- Heart failure (acute or chronic)
- Valve disease
- Aneurysm of Ventricles
- Dressler's Syndrome
- ThromboEmbolism (mural thrombus)
- Recurrence/ mitral Regurgitation
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Coronary artery bypass graft: indications
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DUST
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- Depressed ventricular function
- Unstable angina
- Stenosis of the left main stem
- Triple vessel disease
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ECG: left vs. right bundle block
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WiLLiaM MaRRoW
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- W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block
- M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block
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Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications
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RAMP
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- Recent MI
- Aortic stenosis
- MI in the last 7 days
- Pulmonary hypertension
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Heart valve sequence
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Try Puling My Aorta
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- Tricuspid
- Pulmonary
- Mitral (bicuspid)
- Aorta
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Infarctions
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INFRACTIONS
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- IV access
- Narcotic analgesics (e.g. morphine, pethidine)
- Facilities for defibrillation (DF)
- Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)
- Rest
- Converting enzyme inhibitor
- Thrombolysis IV beta blocker
- Oxygen 60%
- Nitrates
- Stool Softeners
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JVP: wave form
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ASK ME
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- Atrial contraction
- Systole (ventricular contraction)
- Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling
- Maximal atrial filling
- Emptying of atrium
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MI: basic management
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BOOMAR
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- Bed rest
- Oxygen
- Opiate
- Monitor
- Anticoagulate
- Reduce clot size
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MI: signs and symptoms
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PULSE
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- Persistent chest pains
- Upset stomach
- Light headedness
- Shortness of breath
- Excessive sweating
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MI: therapeutic treatment
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O BATMAN!
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- Oxygen
- Beta-blocker
- ASA
- Thrombolytics (e.g. heparin)
- Morphine
- Ace PRN
- Nitroglycerin
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MI: treatment of acute MI
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COAG
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- Cyclomorph
- Oxygen
- Aspirin
- Glycerol trinitrate
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Murmur attributes
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IL PQRST
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- Intensity
- Location
- Pitch
- Quality
- Radiation
- Shape
- Timing
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Murmurs: innocent murmur features
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8 S's
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- Soft
- Systolic
- Short
- Sounds (S1 & S2) normal
- Symptomless
- Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
- Standing
- Sitting (vary with position)
- Sternal depression
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Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration
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LEft = E Right = I
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- LEft sided murmurs louder with Expiration
- RIght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration.
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Murmurs: questions to ask
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SCRIPT
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- Site
- Character (e.g. harsh, soft, blowing)
- Radiation
- Intensity
- Pitch
- Timing
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Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic
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PASS and PAID
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- PASS:Pulmonic & Aortic Stenosis=Systolic
- PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic Insufficiency=Diastolic.
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Pericarditis: causes
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CARDIAC RIND
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- Collagen vascular disease
- Aortic aneurysm
- Radiation
- Drugs (such as hydralazine)
- Infections
- Acute renal failure
- Cardiac infarction
- Rheumatic fever
- Injury
- Neoplasms
- Dressler's syndrome
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Pericarditis: EKG
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PericarditiS
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- PR depression in precordial leads. ST elevation
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Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria
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SICVD
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- Symmetry of leg musculature
- Integrity of skin
- Color of toenails
- Varicose veins
- Distribution of hair
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Pulseless electrical activity: causes
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PATCH MED
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- Pulmonary embolus
- Acidosis
- Tension pneumothorax
- Cardiac tamponade
- Hypokalemia/ Hyperkalemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypothermia/ Hypovolemia
- Myocardial infarction
- Electrolyte derangements
- Drug
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ST elevation causes in ECG
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ELEVATION
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- Electrolytes
- LBBB
- Early repolarization
- Ventricular hypertrophy
- Aneurysm
- Treatment (e.g. pericardiocentesis)
- Injury (AMI, contusion)
- Osborne waves (hypothermia)
- Non-occlusive vasospasm
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Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment
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ABCDE
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- Adenosine
- Beta-blocker
- Calcium channel antagonist
- Digoxin
- Excitation (vagal stimulation)
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Ventricular tachycardia: treatment
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LAMB
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- Lidocaine
- Amiodarone
- Mexiltene/ Magnesium
- Beta-blocker
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