Paracoccidioidomycosis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease are: age, gender, poor hygiene, occupation, malnutrition, tabacco and alcohol consumption. [1] [2]
Risk Factors
Common risk factor in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease are:
- Age: Only 5% affects children and young adults from 6-16 years. [3] The majority of cases affect men from 30-60 years. [4]
- Gender: Men have a higher incidence than women. P. brasiliensis has 17-b estradiol receptor, this feminine hormone inhibits the fungus transformation from mycelial to yeast, which is necessary for the infections evolution. [4]
- Poor hygiene
- Occupation: Rural labor such as agriculture or breeders. Paracoccidioides spp.is know to be found in soil and cattle. . [4]
- Malnutrition and immunodeficiency:
- Tabacco consumption: Tabacco alters the mucociliary activity, decreases immunity and diminishes the reaction of macrophages; therefore it eases the evolution of the infection. [2]
- Alcohol consumption: Alcohol is a corisk factor as it is highly associated with smoking. [2]
References
- ↑ de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F; et al. (2015). "Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis". Front Microbiol. 6: 1319. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319. PMC 4658449. PMID 26635779.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB; et al. (2014). "Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 56 (4): 281–5. PMC 4131811. PMID 25076426.
- ↑ Manns B.J, Baylis B.W, Urbanski S.J, Gibb A.P, Rabin H.R. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Case Report and Review. CID. 1996; 23: 1026-1032
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.2009(1):49-56