Croup historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S. Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS [2]
Overview
The word croup comes from the early modern english verb croup, meaning "to cry hoarsely"; the name was first applied to the disease in Scotland and popularized in the 18th century.[1] Diphtheritic croup has been known since the time of Homer's Ancient Greece and it was not until 1826 that viral croup was differentiated from croup due to diphtheria by Bretonneau.[2] Viral croup was then called "faux-croup" by the French, as "croup" then referred to a disease caused by the diphtheria bacteria. Croup due to diphtheria has become nearly unknown due to the advent of effective immunization.
Discovery
- The first reported cases of diptheritic Croup date back to Ancient Greece, speculated to the 12th century B.C.E.[2]
- Viral Croup was discovered and differentiated from diptheritic Croup in 1826 by French medical doctor Pierre Bretonneau[2]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- Initial therapies in the 1960s included:
- Cold water mist to alleviate symptoms.[3]
- Tracheotomy if the patient is hospitalized.[3]
- Nebulized Epinephrine was introduced as a Croup therapy in the 1970s', attempting to prevent hospitalization.[3]
- Glucocorticoids emerged as an effective therapy in the late 1980s' and early 1990s'.[4]
- Budesonide, a nebulized glucocorticoid, emerged after a 1994 study by Dr. Terry Klassen et al.[5]
- Creation of vaccines for diptheria and influenza led to the emergence of Croup prevention.[6]
References
- ↑ Online Etymological Dictionary, croup. Accessed 2010-09-13.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Feigin, Ralph D. (2004). Textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 252. ISBN 0-7216-9329-6.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Marchessault V (2001). "Historical review of croup". Paediatr Child Health. 6 (10): 721–3. PMC 2805983. PMID 20084146.
- ↑ Kairys SW, Olmstead EM, O'Connor GT (1989). "Steroid treatment of laryngotracheitis: a meta-analysis of the evidence from randomized trials". Pediatrics. 83 (5): 683–93. PMID 2654865.
- ↑ Klassen TP, Feldman ME, Watters LK, Sutcliffe T, Rowe PC (1994). "Nebulized budesonide for children with mild-to-moderate croup". N. Engl. J. Med. 331 (5): 285–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199408043310501. PMID 8022437.
- ↑ Cherry, James D. (2008). "Croup". New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (4): 384–391. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp072022. ISSN 0028-4793.