Trichinosis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac
Overview
Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis occur every year.[1] Trichinosis is rare in developed countries, but it is still common in developing countries.
Epidemiology and demographics
Incidence
- Worldwide, an estimated 10,000 cases of trichinellosis occur every year.
- During 2008–2012, a total of 90 cases of trichinellosis were reported in the USA.
- In the USA, the average of trichinosis is approximately 15 cases per year.[1]
Mortality Rate
- The mortality rate of trichinosis is approximately 0.2% worldwide.[2]
Age
- Trichinosis most commonly affects individuals 30 to 39 years of age.[3]
- Although infections also occur in children and adolescents, the predominance of infection in adults probably results from culture-driven food behavior.
- Improperly cooked or prepared meat dishes may be more commonly eaten at adult-oriented events, especially among alcohol consumers.[4]
Gender
- Men are more commonly affected with trichinosis than women.[3]
Race
- There is no racial predilection to trichinosis.
Developed Countries
- In the US and EU, the overall incidence of trichinosis is low given the improved pig-raising practices in the pork industry, commercial and home freezing of pork, and public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked meat products.
- The number of cases associated with raw or undercooked wild game meats has remained relatively constant over time.[1][5][6]
Developing Countries
- Trichinosis is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is either raw or undercooked.[7]
- In South America, outbreaks in Argentina are common.
- Incidence data from developing countries are limited.
- In Asia, the majority of the outbreaks were reported from Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam, and the northern mountainous regions among the indigenous people who practice free-roaming pig husbandry.[4]
| Disease | Geographical Distribution |
|---|---|
| T. spiralis | Cosmopolitan |
| T. britovi | Europe, Asia, northern and western Africa |
| T. nativa | Arctic, subarctic regions |
| T. papuae | Papua New Guinea, Thailand |
| T. nelsoni | Eastern Africa |
| T. murrelli | North America |
| T. zimbabwensis | Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Ethiopia, South Africa |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Trichinellosis. CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/trichinellosis/epi.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ Pozio E (2007). "World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans". Vet Parasitol. 149 (1–2): 3–21. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.002. PMID 17689195.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trichinellosis Surveillance — United States, 2008–2012. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report- CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6401a1.html. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Murrell KD, Pozio E (2011). "Worldwide occurrence and impact of human trichinellosis, 1986-2009". Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (12): 2194–202. doi:10.3201/eid1712.110896. PMC 3311199. PMID 22172230.
- ↑ Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.
- ↑ Kapel CM (2005). "Changes in the EU legislation on Trichinella inspection--new challenges in the epidemiology". Vet Parasitol. 132 (1–2): 189–94. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.055. PMID 16039781.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Trichinosis. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichinosis. Accessed on January 28, 2016
- ↑ Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (2009). "Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis". Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (1): 127–45, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00026-08. PMC 2620635. PMID 19136437.