Paracoccidioidomycosis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Danitza Lukac
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease are: age, gender, poor hygiene, occupation, malnutrition, tabacco and alcohol consumption.[1][2]
Risk Factors
Common risk factors in the development of paracoccidioidomycosis disease are:
Age:
- Only 5% affects children and young adults from 6-16 years.[3] The majority of cases affect men from 30-60 years.[4]
Gender:
- Men have a higher incidence than women. Paracoccidioides spp. has 17-b estradiol receptor, this feminine hormone inhibits the fungus transformation from mycelial to yeast, which is necessary for the infections evolution.[4]
Poor hygiene
Occupation:
- Rural labor such as agriculture or breeders. Paracoccidioides spp. is know to be found in soil and cattle.[4]
Malnutrition and immunodeficiency:
- Paracoccidioidomycosis can act as an opportunistic infection in endemic areas.[5] Some studies suggest that malnutrition is not only a risk factor, it also is due to the disease.[6]
Tabacco consumption:
- Tabacco alters the mucociliary activity, decreases immunity and diminishes the reaction of macrophages; therefore it eases the evolution of the infection.[2]
Alcohol consumption:
- Alcohol is a co-risk factor as it is highly associated with smoking.[2]
References
- ↑ de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva AC, Da Silva Jde F; et al. (2015). "Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis". Front Microbiol. 6: 1319. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319. PMC 4658449. PMID 26635779.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Magalhães EM, Ribeiro Cde F, Dâmaso CS, Coelho LF, Silva RR, Ferreira EB; et al. (2014). "Prevalence of paracoccidioidomycosis infection by intradermal reaction in rural areas in Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil". Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 56 (4): 281–5. PMC 4131811. PMID 25076426.
- ↑ Manns B.J, Baylis B.W, Urbanski S.J, Gibb A.P, Rabin H.R. Paracoccidioidomycosis: Case Report and Review. CID. 1996; 23: 1026-1032
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vargas J, Vargas R. Paracoccidiodomicosis. Rev. enferm. infecc. trop.2009;1:49-56
- ↑ Brummer E, Castaneda E, Restrepo A. Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update. 'Clin. Microbiol. Rev.1993;6(2):89-117
- ↑ Pereira R, Bucaretchi F, Barison E, Hessel G, Tresoldi A. Paracoccidioidomycosis in children: clinical presentation, follow-up and outcome. Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo. 2004;46(3): 127-131