Tularemia risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Risk Factors
Modes of Transmission
- In the United States, most persons with tularemia acquire the infection from arthropod bites, particularly tick bites, or from contact with infected mammals, particularly rabbits.
- Outbreaks of tularemia in the United States have been associated with muskrat handling, tick bites, deerfly bites, and lawn mowing or cutting brush.
- Sporadic cases in the United States have been associated with contaminated drinking water and various laboratory exposures.
- Outbreaks of pneumonic tularemia, particularly in low-incidence areas, should prompt consideration of bioterrorism.[1]
Seasonality
- In recent years, a seasonal increase in incidence has occurred only in the late spring and summer months, when arthropod bites are most common.
Age and Sex
- Tularemia is more common among males than females.
- Tularemia occurs within populations of all ages, however is most common within children.