Parotitis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The cause of parotitis can be due to infection, autoimmune origin, blockage of the parotid duct or some diseases of uncertain etiology.
The most common bacterial cause is S. aureus. S. pneumonia, S. pyogenes, and H. influenza are also common. Less commonly gram negative rods (GNR) as well as anaerobes are found. M. tuberculosis and T. pallidum have also been reported but are usually associated with chronic, painless infection. Viral etiologies include paramyxovirus (particularly Mumps), influenza, parainfluenza, echovirus, and coxsackie. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and adenovirus have been implicated in HIV patients. Nonbacterial causes include Wegener’s granulomatosis and lymphoma. Cat-scratch and actinomycosis should be considered if the patient fails to respond to standard therapy. This predisposes to parotitis.[1]
Causes
Infection
- Acute viral parotitis
- Acute bacterial parotitis:*
- The most common cause of bacterial parotitis is Staphylococcus aureus[2]
- Other bacterial causes of parotitis include the following:
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
- Parotitis can result as a symptom of acute tuberculosis[4]
Autoimmune Causes
- Sjögren's Syndrome
- Parotitis can result from Sjögren's syndrome due to chronic inflammation of the parotid gland.[5]
Blockage
- Parotitis can result from the following forms of blockages:
- Sialolithiasis: salivary gland calcified stones, causing parotid gland inflammation.[6]
- Mucous plugs[7]
- Benign or malignant neoplasia.[8]
Diseases of Uncertain Etiology
- The following diseases are of uncertain etiology that can cause parotitis:
- Chronic nonspecific parotitis
- Recurrent childhood parotitis
- Sialadenosis
- Sarcoidosis
- Pneumoparotitis
References
- ↑ McQuone SJ. Acute Viral and Bacterial Infections of the Salivary Glands. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1999, 32:793-811.PMID 10477787
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Salivary gland infections: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
- ↑ Brook I (1992). "Diagnosis and management of parotitis". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 118 (5): 469–71. PMID 1571113.
- ↑ Henderson SO, Mallon WK (1995). "Tuberculosis as the cause of diffuse parotitis". Ann Emerg Med. 26 (3): 376–9. PMID 7661432.
- ↑ "Fast Facts About Sjogren's Syndrome".
- ↑ Hernandez S, Busso C, Walvekar RR (2016). "Parotitis and Sialendoscopy of the Parotid Gland". Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2015.12.003. PMID 26912292.
- ↑ Capaccio P, Torretta S, Ottavian F, Sambataro G, Pignataro L (2007). "Modern management of obstructive salivary diseases". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 27 (4): 161–72. PMC 2640028. PMID 17957846.
- ↑ Bussu F, Parrilla C, Rizzo D, Almadori G, Paludetti G, Galli J (2011). "Clinical approach and treatment of benign and malignant parotid masses, personal experience". Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 31 (3): 135–43. PMC 3185824. PMID 22058591.