WBR0925
| Author | [[PageAuthor::Twinkle Singh, M.B.B.S. [1] (Reviewed by Serge Korjian and Alison Leibowitz)]] |
|---|---|
| Exam Type | ExamType::USMLE Step 1 |
| Main Category | MainCategory::Behavioral Science/Psychiatry |
| Sub Category | SubCategory::General Principles |
| Prompt | [[Prompt::A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrics clinic by his concerned mother. She explains that her son often wakes up during the night screaming and continues to cries inconsolably. However, in the morning he appears to be normal and doesn’t remember anything regarding the incident the previous night. The physician suggests a sleep study to further evaluate the child's condition. Which of the following wave forms are most likely to be observed directly prior to this patient's episodes?]] |
| Answer A | AnswerA::Theta waves |
| Answer A Explanation | AnswerAExp::Theta waves occur mostly during stage 1 NREM sleep. |
| Answer B | AnswerB::Beta waves |
| Answer B Explanation | [[AnswerBExp::Beta waves are characteristic of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and are also demonstrated when a person is awake and alert. Nightmares occur during REM sleep which may present similar symptoms, but with a nightmare the child usually has memory of the dream.]] |
| Answer C | AnswerC::Sleep spindles and K-complexes |
| Answer C Explanation | AnswerCExp::Sleep spindles and K-complexes are characteristics of NREM stage 2. Bruxism occurs commonly during this stage. |
| Answer D | AnswerD::Delta waves |
| Answer D Explanation | AnswerDExp::Sleep terrors occur during delta sleep (stages 3 and 4 NREM sleep) characterized by delta waves. |
| Answer E | AnswerE::Alpha waves |
| Answer E Explanation | AnswerEExp::Alpha waves are found in EEG when a person is awake with closed eyes. |
| Right Answer | RightAnswer::D |
| Explanation | [[Explanation::Sleep terror is a type of parasomnia which is most likely to occur during stages 3 and 4 of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. NREM sleep is also known as delta sleep or slow wave sleep and is characterized by the highest amplitude and the lowest frequency waves among all sleep stages. The most common age group affected by sleep terrors is 4 to 12 years. Commonly, sleep terrors are associated with waking up in panic, inconsolable crying, autonomic arousal (tachycardia, sweating and hyperventilation), no memory of the episode, and no recollection of any nightmare. Reassurance is often recommended with improvement of sleep hygiene. Other parasomnias such as bed wetting and sleep walking also occur during the delta sleep stage. Educational Objective: leep terror is a type of parasomnia which is most likely to occur during stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep (delta waves stage). |
| Approved | Approved::Yes |
| Keyword | WBRKeyword::Sleep, WBRKeyword::Sleep terrors, WBRKeyword::Sleep hygiene, WBRKeyword::REM, WBRKeyword::Non-REM, WBRKeyword::Rapid eye movement, WBRKeyword::Delta waves |
| Linked Question | Linked:: |
| Order in Linked Questions | LinkedOrder:: |