Otitis externa pathophysiology
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.
Overview
Otitis externa develops when the external ear canal becomes susceptible to infection due to a variety of causes. The primary pathogens responsible for otitis media are the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Sudden, invasive changes in humidity from a rapid intake of water into the ear canal can predispose the external ear to bacterial infection: The cerumen quantity in the ear canal decreases, weakening an important protective barrier in the ear; The epithelial surface of the skin begins to degrade, allowing easier infiltration by bacterial; The pH value of the ear canal, usually maintained at 5.0 by a combination of the cerumen and the mechanical construction of the ear, increases and renders the ear more favorable to bacterial reproduction. Increased moisture in the ear canal can also lead to otitis externa caused by otomycosis. The primary fungal causes of otitis externa are Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The buildup of fungal debris in the ear canal epithelium leads to increasing pressure and inflammation. Surfer's ear, or exostosis of the ear canal raises the predisposition to otitis externa by rendering the ear canal more prone to trapping water and water-bourne pathogens. Localized physical trauma can cause Weakening of the ear canal epithelium and the lessening of cerumen, predisposing infection. Otitis externa is associated with infectious, inflammatory ear and head conditions. Gross pathology for otitis externa will include erythema of the ear canal, along with eczema-esque scaly, shedding of the skin. It also includes visible ear canal swelling, as well as potentially cellulitis of the pinna and otorrhea.
Pathogenesis
Otitis externa develops when the external ear canal becomes susceptible to infection due to a variety of causes.
Moisture-bourne infection
- Sudden, invasive changes in humidity from a rapid intake of water into the ear canal can predispose the external ear to infection.[1]
- Prolonged exposure to moisture causes swelling of the stratum corneum.
- The cerumen quantity in the ear canal decreases, weakening an important protective barrier in the ear.
- The epithelial surface of the skin begins to degrade allowing increased access for bacterial infection.
- The pH value of the ear canal, usually maintained at 5.0 by a combination of the cerumen and the mechanical construction of the ear, increases and renders the ear more favorable to bacterial infection and otomycosis.[2]
- The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common opportunistic pathogens of otitis externa due to increased humidity.[3]
- Increased moisture in the ear canal can also lead to otitis externa caused by otomycosis.[4]
- The primary fungal causes of otitis externa are Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.
- Spread of fungi results in inflammation in the ear canal.[4]
- The buildup of fungal debris in the ear canal epithelium leads to increasing pressure and inflammation.
- Extensive use of topical antibiotic ear drops to treat bacterial otitis externa increases predisposition to otomycosis.
- For immunocompromised individuals, chronic or recurrent otitis externa from bacterial infection results from the spread of infection to the temporal bone.[5]
- Spread of infection may proceed through the temporal bone to the cranium.
Exostosis
- Surfer's ear, or exostosis of the ear canal raises the predisposition to otitis externa by rendering the ear canal more prone to trapping water and water-bourne pathogens.[6]
Dermatoses
- Localized physical trauma can lead to otitis externa from the following dermatoses:[7]
- Weakening of the ear canal epithelium and the lessening of cerumen predisposes infection.
Associated Conditions
- Otitis externa is associated with the following infectious, inflammatory ear and head conditions:
Gross Pathology
- Gross pathology for otitis externa will include erythema of the ear canal, along with eczema-esque scaly, shedding of the skin.[10]
- Ear canal swelling will be visible.
- Cellulitis of the [[[pinna]] and otorrhea may also be present upon physical examination.[11]
References
- ↑ Wang MC, Liu CY, Shiao AS, Wang T (2005). "Ear problems in swimmers". J Chin Med Assoc. 68 (8): 347–52. doi:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70174-1. PMID 16138712.
- ↑ Kim JK, Cho JH (2009). "Change of external auditory canal pH in acute otitis externa". Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 118 (11): 769–72. PMID 19999361.
- ↑ Mösges R, Nematian-Samani M, Eichel A (2011). "Treatment of acute otitis externa with ciprofloxacin otic 0.2% antibiotic ear solution". Ther Clin Risk Manag. 7: 325–36. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S6769. PMC 3150478. PMID 21845055.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Anwar K, Gohar MS (2014). "Otomycosis; clinical features, predisposing factors and treatment implications". Pak J Med Sci. 30 (3): 564–7. doi:10.12669/pjms.303.4106. PMC 4048507. PMID 24948980.
- ↑ Handzel O, Halperin D (2003). "Necrotizing (malignant) external otitis". Am Fam Physician. 68 (2): 309–12. PMID 12892351.
- ↑ Trojanowska A, Drop A, Trojanowski P, Rosińska-Bogusiewicz K, Klatka J, Bobek-Billewicz B (2012). "External and middle ear diseases: radiological diagnosis based on clinical signs and symptoms". Insights Imaging. 3 (1): 33–48. doi:10.1007/s13244-011-0126-z. PMC 3292638. PMID 22695997.
- ↑ Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Cannon CR, Roland PS, Simon GR, Kumar KA, Huang WW, Haskell HW, Robertson PJ (2014). "Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa". Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 150 (1 Suppl): S1–S24. doi:10.1177/0194599813517083. PMID 24491310.
- ↑ Saxby A, Barakate M, Kertesz T, James J, Bennett M (2010). "Malignant otitis externa: experience with hyperbaric oxygen therapy". Diving Hyperb Med. 40 (4): 195–200. PMID 23111934.
- ↑ Hui CP (2013). "Acute otitis externa". Paediatr Child Health. 18 (2): 96–101. PMC 3567906. PMID 24421666.
- ↑ "Swimmer's ear : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
- ↑ Schaefer P, Baugh RF (2012). "Acute otitis externa: an update". Am Fam Physician. 86 (11): 1055–61. PMID 23198673.