Mastitis overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: . Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]
Overview
Overview
Mastitis was first described by Dr G. Ranney of Michigan in a paper read before a section of Obstetrics Medicine at Brighton meeting of the British Medical association and in 1887, Dr. Charles J. Wrigt documented its treatment in the British Medical Journal.[1] From the 1930’s to the 1960’s epidemic form of puerperal mastitis occurred frequently in hospital nurseries in industrialised countries.[2] During this period, hospital deliveries became more frequent, breastfeeding was not promoted, and the antibiotic era was only just beginning. The dominant role of staphylococcal infections and transmission between nursery personnel, infants and mothers was repeatedly demonstrated. Epidemic mastitis has been regarded as a hospital acquired disease caused by highly virulent strains of penicillin-resistant Staph. aureus. [2]
Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammalian breast. It is called puerperal mastitis when it occurs to breastfeeding mothers and non-puerperal otherwise. Mastitis can rarely occur in men. Inflammatory breast cancer has symptoms very similar to mastitis and must be ruled out.
Popular usage of the term mastitis varies by geographic region. Outside the US it is commonly used for puerperal and nonpuerperal cases, in the US the term nonpuerperal mastitis is rarely used. Chronic cystic mastitis, also called fibrocystic disease, a condition rather than a disease, is characterized by noncancerous lumps in the breast. American usage: here mastitis usually refers to puerperal (occurring to breastfeeding mothers) mastitis with symptoms of systemic infection.
In this WikiDoc article mastitis is used in the original sense of the definition as inflammation of the breast with additional qualifiers where appropriate.
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Mastitis are usually caused by a common bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) found on normal skin. The bacteria enter through a break or crack in the skin, usually on the nipple. The infection takes place in the fatty tissue of the breast and causes swelling. This swelling pushes on the milk ducts. The result is pain and lumps in the infected breast.
Differentiating Mastitis overview from Other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Mastitis usually occur in women who are breastfeeding. Women who are breastfeeding are at risk for developing mastitis especially if they have sore or cracked nipples or have had mastitis before while breastfeeding another baby. Also, the chances of getting mastitis increases if women use only one position to breastfeed or wear a tight-fitting bra, which may restrict milk flow. Mastitis that are not related to breastfeeding might be a rare form of breast cancer. Women with diabetes, chronic illness, AIDS, or an impaired immune system may be more susceptible to the development of mastitis.
Screening
Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Criteria
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Prevention
References
- ↑ Wright CJ (1887). "The Treatment of Mastitis". Br Med J. 2 (1386): 174. PMC 2534969. PMID 20752004.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development. Mastitis: causes and management. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2000. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.13.pdf.