Typhoid fever epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Epidemiology
- With an estimated 16-33 million cases of typhoid annually resulting in 500,000 to 600,000 deaths.
- In, 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths.[1][2]
- In, 2013 it resulted in about 161,000 deaths as compared to 181,000 in 1990.[3] Infants, children, and adolescents in south-central and Southeast Asia experience the greatest burden of illness.[4]
Prevalance
- Worldwide, typhoid fever is most prevalent in areas that are overcrowded with poor hygiene and sanitation.
- In endemic areas, the World Health Organisation identifies typhoid as a serious public health problem.
- Typhoid fever is still common in the developing world, where it affects about 21.5 million persons each year.
- Typhoid fever is common in most parts of the world except in industrialized regions such as the United States, Canada, western Europe, Australia, and Japan.
- 1-6% of individuals who are infected will develop a chronic infection in the gall bladder.[5][6]
Incidence
Worldwide, incidence of typhoid fever varies in different parts of world.[7][8][9]
- Areas with highest incidence of typhoid fever (>100/100,000 cases/year) include south-central Asia and south-east Asia.[10]
- Areas with medium incidence (10-100/100,000 cases/year) include the rest of Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania, except for Australia and New Zealand.
- Areas with low incidence (<10/100,000 cases/year) include Europe, North america and rest of the world.
- The incidence of typhoid fever is estimated to be less than 400 cases per year in the United States and 75% of these are acquired while travelling internationally.[11]
- Case fatality rate for typhoid fever is 1%[12]
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Demographics
Age
Incidence is highest in children between the ages of 5 and 19 years.[13]
References
- ↑ Crump, J. A., & Mintz, E. D (2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid fever". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (2): 241–246. doi:10.1086/649541. PMID 20014951.
- ↑ Daul CB, deShazo RD, Andes WA, Pankey GA (1986). "Immunologic studies in homosexual and hemophiliac subjects with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy: a comparative analysis". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 77 (2): 295–301. PMID 3484760.
- ↑
- ↑ Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (2004). "The global burden of typhoid fever". Bull World Health Organ. 82: 346–353.
- ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID doi:10.1093/infdis/146.6.724 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Lanata CF, Levine MM, Ristori C, Black RE, Jimenez L, Salcedo M; et al. (1983). "Vi serology in detection of chronic Salmonella typhi carriers in an endemic area". Lancet. 2 (8347): 441–3. PMID 6192305.
- ↑ Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED (2004). "The global burden of typhoid fever". Bull World Health Organ. 82 (5): 346–53. PMC 2622843. PMID 15298225.
- ↑ Lynch MF, Blanton EM, Bulens S, Polyak C, Vojdani J, Stevenson J; et al. (2009). "Typhoid fever in the United States, 1999-2006". JAMA. 302 (8): 859–65. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1229. PMID 19706859.
- ↑ Jensenius M, Han PV, Schlagenhauf P, Schwartz E, Parola P, Castelli F; et al. (2013). "Acute and potentially life-threatening tropical diseases in western travelers--a GeoSentinel multicenter study, 1996-2011". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 88 (2): 397–404. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0551. PMC 3583336. PMID 23324216.
- ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID doi:10.1128/jb.00581-12 . doi:10.1128/jb.00581-12 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Imanishi M, Newton AE, Vieira AR, Gonzalez-Aviles G, Kendall Scott ME, Manikonda K; et al. (2015). "Typhoid fever acquired in the United States, 1999-2010: epidemiology, microbiology, and use of a space-time scan statistic for outbreak detection". Epidemiol Infect. 143 (11): 2343–54. doi:10.1017/S0950268814003021. PMID 25427666.
- ↑ Heymann, David L., ed. (2008), Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, pg 665. ISBN 978-0-87553-189-2.
- ↑ "Typhoid Fever". World Health Organisation. Retrieved 2007-08-28. Check date values in:
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