Pleural effusion historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Pleural infection was first described by Hippocrates as far back as 460-370 B.C.[1] During this time open chest drainage was the sole treatment modality and was associated with high mortality.
In 1395, Guy de Chauliac, a surgeon of medieval France, commented with surprise on the lack of ancient writings concerning thoracic wounds and the disagreements on the treatment of these wounds. Roland of Parma, William of Bologna, and Lanfranc of Paris believed in open treatment of penetrating thoracic wounds using tents and drains to allow blood and decaying organic materials to escape. Theodoric and Henri de Mondeville disagreed and advocated for the immediate closure of wounds to prevent the entry of cold air and loss of heat.[2]
In 1514, Giovanni da Vigo, a well-known Italian surgeon and physician of Pope Julius II, was one of the first surgeons to discuss firearm wounds, including those to the chest in Practica Copiosa.[2]
The first description of a water-seal chest drainage system may be attributed to Playfair in 1873, in the treatment of a child with thoracic empyema. He initially performed four aspirations, but each time the pleural fluid re-accumulated. He then opened the abscess cavity and inserted a flexible tube of caoutchouc (India gum rubber), with the distal end in a vessel of water on the floor. The tube drained one to two ounces of pus daily without any entry of air into the pleura, and the patient’s clinical condition improved. The tube was eventually removed, allowing the free entrance of air, necessitating a counter-opening with placement of a drainage tube which was removed a week later[3]
In 1875, Gotthard Bülau described his use of closed water-seal chest drainage to treat an empyema, as an alternative to the standard rib resection and open tube drainage. He used a trocar to puncture the pleural space then introduced a rubber catheter with a distal clamp. The weighted free end of the catheter was immersed in a bottle one-third full of antiseptic solution and unclamped, creating a siphon drainage apparatus and allowing pus to flow from the chest.[4][5]
Closed chest tube drainage was experimentally practised during an influenza epidemic in 1917–19 when open surgical drainage was associated with a mortality rate of up to 70%. This coincided with world war I and the resultant crisis of streptococcal pneumonia and empyema.[6]
In 1950, Monaldi suggested draining the thoracic cavity with a more superior approach at the second or third intercostal space.[7]
The modern three chamber thoracic drainage system was first described by Howe in 1952 (21) but not widely employed at the time.[8]
Closed chest tube drainage became the the standard of treatment until late 1950.[9]
References
- ↑ FRANCE, JOHN (2010). [URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt7zstnd Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume VIII] Check
|url=value (help). Boydell Press, Boydell & Brewer. p. 206. ISBN 9781843835967. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 LINDSKOG GE (1961). "Some historical aspects of thoracic trauma". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 42: 1–11. PMID 13762404.
- ↑ Munnell ER (1997). "Thoracic drainage". Ann Thorac Surg. 63 (5): 1497–502. PMID 9146363.
- ↑ Meyer JA (1989). "Gotthard Bülau and closed water-seal drainage for empyema, 1875-1891". Ann Thorac Surg. 48 (4): 597–9. PMID 2679468.
- ↑ Van Schil PE (1997). "Thoracic drainage and the contribution of Gotthard Bülau". Ann Thorac Surg. 64 (6): 1876. PMID 9436605.
- ↑ Peters RM (1989). "Empyema thoracis: historical perspective". Ann Thorac Surg. 48 (2): 306–8. PMID 2669652.
- ↑ Knobloch K (2008). "eComment: A tribute to Gotthard Bulau and Vincenzo Monaldi". Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 7 (6): 1159. doi:10.1510/icvts.2008.181750A. PMID 19029391.
- ↑ HOWE BE (1951). "Evaluation of chest suction with an artificial thorax". Surg Forum: 1–7. PMID 14931188.
- ↑ Monaghan SF, Swan KG (2008). "Tube thoracostomy: the struggle to the "standard of care"". Ann Thorac Surg. 86 (6): 2019–22. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.08.006. PMID 19022041.