Bronchitis causes

Bronchitis Main page
Patient Information
Overview
Causes
Classification Acute bronchitis Chronic bronchitis
Differential Diagnosis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]

Overview

Virus are thought to be the commonest cause of acute bronchitis. Influenza A and B, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus are the commonest involved pathogens. Some atypical bacterias like mycoplasma, chlamydiae and bordetella pertussis are also found to cause acute bronchitis.
Smoking,occupational exposures, air pollutants and genetic factors are etiologies of chronic bronchitis.

Causes

• Acute Bronchitis: may be caused by either viral, bacterial or environmental causes.

Viruses: Influenza Virus,parainfluenza virus,respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackievirus, and human metapneumovirus.

Bacteries: Mycoplasma pneumoniae and,Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Bordetella pertussis.

Environmental causes: Toxic fume inhalation, tobacco, dust and aerosol may result in acute bronchitis.

• Chronic Bronchitis: caused by smoking,Air Pollutants,Occupational Exposures and Genetic factors

Smoking

The primary risk factor for COPD is chronic tobacco smoking. In the United States, 80 to 90% of cases of COPD are due to smoking. Exposure to cigarette smoke is measured in pack-years, the average number of packages of cigarettes smoked daily multiplied by the number of years of smoking. The likelihood of developing COPD increases with age and cumulative smoke exposure, and almost all life-long smokers will develop COPD, provided that smoking-related, extrapulmonary diseases (cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer) do not claim their lives beforehand.

Occupational Exposures

Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts found in coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry and chemicals such as cadmium, isocyanates, and fumes from welding have been implicated in the development of airflow obstruction, even in nonsmokers. Workers who smoke and are exposed to these particles and gases are even more likely to develop COPD. Intense silica dust exposure causes silicosis, a restrictive lung disease distinct from COPD; however, less intense silica dust exposures have been linked to a COPD-like condition. The effect of occupational pollutants on the lungs appears to be substantially less important than the effect of cigarette smoking.

Air Pollution

Studies in many countries have found people who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD compared to people who live in rural areas. Urban air pollution may be a contributing factor for COPD, as it is thought to slow the normal growth of the lungs, although the long-term research needed to confirm the link has not been done. Studies of the industrial waste gas and COPD/asthma-aggravating compound, sulfur dioxide, and the inverse relation to the presence of the blue lichen Xanthoria (usually found abundantly in the countryside, but never in towns or cities) have been seen to suggest combustive industrial processes do not aid COPD sufferers. In many developing countries, indoor air pollution from cooking fire smoke (often using biomass fuels such as wood and animal dung) is a common cause of COPD, especially in women.

Genetics

Some factor in addition to heavy smoke exposure is required for a person to develop COPD. This factor is probably a genetic susceptibility. COPD is more common among relatives of COPD patients who smoke than unrelated smokers. The genetic differences that make some peoples' lungs susceptible to the effects of tobacco smoke are mostly unknown.Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic condition that is responsible for about 2% of cases of COPD. In this condition, the body does not make enough of a protein, alpha 1-antitrypsin. Alpha 1-antitrypsin protects the lungs from damage caused by protease enzymes, such as elastase and trypsin, that can be released as a result of an inflammatory response to tobacco smoke.

Common Causes

• Adenovirus
• Air pollution
• Bordetella pertussis
• Coal dust
• Coronavirus
• Influenza
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Parainfluenza
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Rhinovirus
• Tobacco smoking

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Heart disease
Chemical / poisoning	Acenaphthene, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, biphenyl, chlorine dioxide, ethyleneamine, hexamethylene diisocyanate, nitric acid, phosphine, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, selenium poisoning, silver, sulfuric acid, toluene diisocyanate, vanadium poisoning
Dermatologic	Yellow nail syndrome
Drug Side Effect	Albuterol, alferon N, alfuzosin, artemether and lumefantrin, belimumab, benazepril, budesonide, butorphanol, candesartan, captafol, cardura, cevimeline, ciclesonide, citalopram, clopidogrel, crofelemer, doxazosin, enalapril maleate, escitalopram, exemestane, febuxostat, felodipine, fingolimod, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, goserelin, ibandronate, infliximab, interferon, ipratropium, irbesartan, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, itraconazole, lamotrigine, latanoprost, leflunomide, lumigan, methotrexate, metipranolol, metronidazole topical, minoxidil, moexipril, mycophenolate, mycophenolic acid, nateglinide, nitisinone, oseltamivir, oxcarbazepine, paroxetine, pentamidine isethionate, pirbuterol, pramipexole, repaglinide, risedronate, ropinirole, rosuvastatin, sertraline, sibutramine, simvastatin, tacrolimus, tamsulosin, tarka (medication), telmisartan, thalidomide, tiagabine, tobramycin, tolterodine, topiramate, trandolapril, travoprost, unoprostone, zanamivir
Ear Nose Throat	Pharyngitis, sinusitis
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	Air pollution, aluminium lung, anthracosis, coal dust, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, farmer's lung, mesothelioma, pneumoconiosis, silicosis, smoking
Gastroenterologic	Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, cystic fibrosis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, inflammatory bowel disease
Genetic	Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, ataxia telangiectasia, cystic fibrosis, Gulf War syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	Lung transplantation
Infectious Disease	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), adenovirus, aspergillosis, bordetella pertussis, chickenpox, chlamydia pneumonia, common cold, coronavirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, encephalitozoon cuniculi infection, enterovirus, flu, group A streptococcal infection, HIV, influenza, measles, moraxella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumonia, orthomyxovirus, paragonimiasis, parainfluenza, paramyxovirus, pharyngitis, pneumococcus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, trichinellosis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Prune belly syndrome
Neurologic	Ataxia telangiectasia, Gulf War syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Hypoglycemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Lung cancer, mesothelioma
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Marijuana abuse, nicotine addiction
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold), alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, aluminium lung, anthracosis, aspergillosis, asthma, blue and bloated syndrome, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, common cold, COPD, farmer's lung, flu, influenza, lung cancer, lung transplantation, mesothelioma, yellow nail syndrome
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Asthma, Felty's syndrome, Gulf War syndrome, IgG deficiency, Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency, MHC class I deficiency, primary immunodeficiency, Sjogren's syndrome
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	Prune belly syndrome
Miscellaneous	Tobacco smoking

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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Causes Based on Classification

Acute Bronchitis

• The cause of acute bronchitis depend on several factors, for instance season of the year (winter and fall), vaccination level, age and immune status of the patient
• Viruses are considered to be the commonest cause of acute bronchitis. The common virus involved are influenza A and B, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, adenovirus and rhinovirus.
• Human metapneumovirus is also found to cause bronchitis.
• Some atypical bacterias are also found to act as causative factors for bronchitis namely bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia pneumonia and mycoplasma pneumonia.

The following things can make bronchitis worse:

• Air pollution
• Allergens
• Certain occupations (such as coal mining, textile manufacturing, or grain handling)

Chronic Bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition. People have a cough that produces excessive mucus. To be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, you must have a cough with mucus most days of the month for at least 3 months.

References

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