Bacterial vaginosis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]
Overview
A healthy vagina normally contains many microorganisms, some of the common ones are Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii. Lactobacillus, particularly hydrogen peroxide-producing species, appears to help prevent other vaginal microorganisms from multiplying to a level where they cause symptoms. (Note: Lactobacillus acidophilus is not one of the species of Lactobacillusidentified as playing a protective role in vaginal flora.) The microorganisms involved in BV are very diverse, but include Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus, Bacteroides, and Mycoplasma. A change in normal bacterial flora including the reduction of lactobacillus, which may be due to the use of antibiotics or pH imbalance, allows more resistant bacteria to gain a foothold and multiply. In turn these produce toxins which affect the body's natural defenses and make re-colonization of healthy bacteria more difficult.
Causes
Common causes of bacterial vaginosis include:[1][2]
- Gardnerella vaginalis
- It has also been detected in culture samples from nearly all symptomatic women with bacterial vaginosis (BV) and in approximately 50% of healthy women
- Mobiluncus spp.
- Mycoplasma hominis
- Ureaplasma
- Anaerobes
Gallery
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![This photomicrograph of a vaginal smear specimen depicts two epithelial cells, a normal cell, and an epithelial cell with its exterior covered by bacteria giving the cell a roughened, stippled appearance known as a “clue cell”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]](/images/1/11/Bacterial_vaginosis01.jpeg)
This photomicrograph of a vaginal smear specimen depicts two epithelial cells, a normal cell, and an epithelial cell with its exterior covered by bacteria giving the cell a roughened, stippled appearance known as a “clue cell”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]
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This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony.
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![This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]](/images/8/89/Bacterial_vaginosis03.jpeg)
This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]
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![This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]](/images/a/a3/Bacterial_vaginosis04.jpeg)
This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]
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![This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]](/images/0/03/Bacterial_vaginosis05.jpeg)
This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]
![This photomicrograph of a vaginal smear specimen depicts two epithelial cells, a normal cell, and an epithelial cell with its exterior covered by bacteria giving the cell a roughened, stippled appearance known as a “clue cell”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]](/index.php/File:Bacterial_vaginosis01.jpeg)
![This photograph depicted a single Gardnerella vaginalis, formerly Haemophilus vaginalis, or Corynebacterium vaginalis, bacterial colony. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]](/index.php/File:Bacterial_vaginosis03.jpeg)
![This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]](/index.php/File:Bacterial_vaginosis04.jpeg)
![This photomicrograph reveals bacteria adhering to vaginal epithelial cells known as “clue cells”. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [3]](/index.php/File:Bacterial_vaginosis05.jpeg)
References
- ↑ Donders GG (2007). "Definition and classification of abnormal vaginal flora". Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 21 (3): 355–73. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2007.01.002. PMID 17434799.
- ↑ Livengood CH (2009). "Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009". Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2 (1): 28–37. PMC 2672999. PMID 19399292.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".