Chronic stable angina revascularization
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Chronic stable angina Microchapters | ||
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Classification | ||
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Differentiating Chronic Stable Angina from Acute Coronary Syndromes | ||
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Diagnosis | ||
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Alternative Therapies for Refractory Angina | ||
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Discharge Care | ||
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Guidelines for Asymptomatic Patients | ||
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Case Studies | ||
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Chronic stable angina revascularization On the Web | ||
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to Hospitals Treating Chronic stable angina revascularization | ||
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Chronic stable angina revascularization | ||
Editors-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: John Fani Srour, M.D.; Smita Kohli, M.D.; Rim Halaby
Overview
The goal of the treatment of chronic stable angina is to reduce the symptoms, delay the progression of atherosclerosis, and prevent cardiovascular events. In order to achieve these goals, lifestyle modifications and medical therapy are the first line treatment. Revascularization is done to increase survival in specific conditions where the stenosis of the coronary arteries is anatomically and functionally significant and the symptoms are refractory to medical therapy. There are currently two well-established revascularization approaches for the treatment of chronic stable angina caused by coronary atherosclerosis: CABG and PCI. Since the introduction of coronary artery bypass surgery in 1967 and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in 1977, research has supported the effective usage of both strategies for treatment of patients with chronic stable angina. However, as with any treatment method, both methodologies have weaknesses. The choice between PCI and CABG is based upon anatomy and other factors such as left ventricular function and the presence or absence of diabetes. In general, PTCA is reserved for single or some cases of two vessel disease, while CABG is reserved for patients with two or three vessel disease or left main disease. With the availability of drug-eluting stents, PCI is increasingly being performed for many lesions including more complex ones.
Revascularization
Indications for Revascularization Therapy
Increase Survival
- Increased survival following revascularization depends on the location, severity, and number of lesions; the presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction is an important factor as well. Therefore, revascularization is recommended in the following situations:
- Patients who would also have a survival benefit from revascularization (PCI or CABG) are survivors of sudden cardiac death secondary to ischemia induced tachycardia, where ischemia is caused by more than 70% stenosis of a major coronary artery:
Relief of Symptoms Refractory to Medical Therapy
- Coronary angiography should be performed in the following settings:
- The definition of inadequate response to medical therapy can be fairly broad and depends largely on the patient's lifestyle, occupation and expectations:
- At one extreme are patients who are limited by angina pectoris despite optimal drug treatments and lifestyle modifications, including achievement of optimal weight and cessation of smoking.
- At the other end are patients in whom we can consider medical therapy to have failed if control of angina pectoris requires higher doses of anti-anginal medications that cause side effects.
- The following patients should also be considered:
- Survivors of sudden cardiac death or serious ventricular arrhythmia.
- Patients having symptoms and signs of heart failure.
- Patients having clinical features that suggest high likelihood of severe coronary artery disease.
Considerations
- PCI should not be done in patients that will not be compliant with dual antiplatelet therapies.
- Patients with diabetes and advanced three-vessel coronary artery disease have shown lower mortality and myocardial infarction rates and higher risk of strokes when undergoing CABG compared to PCI with drug eluting stents.[2]
Revascularization: Further Readings
2012 AHA guidelines for the management of chronic stable angina[3]
Heart Team Approach Revascularization Guidelines[3]
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| "1. A Heart Team approach to revascularization is recommended in patients with unprotected left main or complex CAD"(Level of Evidence:C ) " |
| Class I |
| "1. Calculation of the STS and SYNTAX scores is reasonable in patients with unprotected left main and complex CAD "(Level of Evidence:B ) " |
You can read in greater detail about specific revascularization approaches for the treatment of chronic stable angina by clicking on the link below for that topic:
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Qaseem A, Fihn SD, Dallas P, et al. Management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: Executive summary of a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Ann Intern Med 2012.
- ↑ Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, Siami FS, Dangas G, Mack M; et al. (2012). "Strategies for Multivessel Revascularization in Patients with Diabetes". N Engl J Med. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211585. PMID 23121323.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP; et al. (2012). "2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". Circulation. 126 (25): 3097–137. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182776f83. PMID 23166210.