Transient ischemic attack risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Risk Factors

The risk factors of transient ischemic attack may include modifiable and non modifiable risk factors:

Modifiable risk factors Non modifiable risk factors
Hypertension[1] Age >55 years [2][3][4]
Diabetes mellitus[2][3][1][5] Family history of ischemic stroke[6][7]
Atrial fibrillation[8][9][10][11] African American and hispanic race[2][3][12][13]
Coronary heart disease[2] Male gender[2][3]
Cigarette smoking[3][14][15] Genetic disorders[16][7][17]
Alcohal consumption[3] Previous history of stroke or TIA
Hyperhomocysteinemia[18][19]
Obesity[20][21]
Hyperlipidemia[3][22][23][24]
Hypothyroidism[25][8]
Oral contraceptive use [26][27]
Sedentary life style[28]
Hypercoagulable disorders


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Romero JR, Morris J, Pikula A (2008). "Stroke prevention: modifying risk factors". Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2 (4): 287–303. doi:10.1177/1753944708093847. PMC 2729177. PMID 19124428.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Allen CL, Bayraktutan U (2008). "Risk factors for ischaemic stroke". Int J Stroke. 3 (2): 105–16. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2008.00187.x. PMID 18706004.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Deoke A, Deoke S, Saoji A, Hajare S (2012). "Profile of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in stroke in a rural based tertiary care hospital - a case control study". Glob J Health Sci. 4 (3): 158–63. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p158. PMC 4776924. PMID 22980242.
  4. ↑ Prabhakaran S, Wright CB, Yoshita M, Delapaz R, Brown T, DeCarli C; et al. (2008). "Prevalence and determinants of subclinical brain infarction: the Northern Manhattan Study". Neurology. 70 (6): 425–30. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000277521.66947.e5. PMC 2714050. PMID 17898325.
  5. ↑ Jørgensen L, Jenssen T, Joakimsen O, Heuch I, Ingebretsen OC, Jacobsen BK (2004). "Glycated hemoglobin level is strongly related to the prevalence of carotid artery plaques with high echogenicity in nondiabetic individuals: the Tromsø study". Circulation. 110 (4): 466–70. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000136809.55141.3B. PMID 15249512.
  6. ↑ Jood K, Ladenvall C, Rosengren A, Blomstrand C, Jern C (2005). "Family history in ischemic stroke before 70 years of age: the Sahlgrenska Academy Study on Ischemic Stroke". Stroke. 36 (7): 1383–7. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000169944.46025.09. PMID 15933254.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jerrard-Dunne P, Cloud G, Hassan A, Markus HS (2003). "Evaluating the genetic component of ischemic stroke subtypes: a family history study". Stroke. 34 (6): 1364–9. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000069723.17984.FD. PMID 12714707.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Squizzato A, Gerdes VE, Brandjes DP, Büller HR, Stam J (2005). "Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease". Stroke. 36 (10): 2302–10. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000181772.78492.07. PMID 16179578.
  9. ↑ Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lindgren A, Terént A, Norrving B, Asplund K (2014). "High prevalence of atrial fibrillation among patients with ischemic stroke". Stroke. 45 (9): 2599–605. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006070. PMID 25034713.
  10. ↑ Joundi RA, Cipriano LE, Sposato LA, Saposnik G, Stroke Outcomes Research Working Group (2016). "Ischemic Stroke Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc Score of 1: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Stroke. 47 (5): 1364–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.012609. PMID 27026630.
  11. ↑ Fauchier L, Clementy N, Pelade C, Collignon C, Nicolle E, Lip GY (2015). "Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Incident Atrial Fibrillation: A Nationwide Cohort Study". Stroke. 46 (9): 2432–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010270. PMID 26251249.
  12. ↑ Howard VJ (2013). "Reasons underlying racial differences in stroke incidence and mortality". Stroke. 44 (6 Suppl 1): S126–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000691. PMC 3784978. PMID 23709708.
  13. ↑ Grysiewicz RA, Thomas K, Pandey DK (2008). "Epidemiology of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke: incidence, prevalence, mortality, and risk factors". Neurol Clin. 26 (4): 871–95, vii. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.07.003. PMID 19026895.
  14. ↑ Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ (1988). "Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study". JAMA. 259 (7): 1025–9. PMID 3339799.
  15. ↑ Peters SA, Huxley RR, Woodward M (2013). "Smoking as a risk factor for stroke in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 81 cohorts, including 3,980,359 individuals and 42,401 strokes". Stroke. 44 (10): 2821–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.002342. PMID 23970792.
  16. ↑ Meschia JF, Worrall BB, Rich SS (2011). "Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke". Nat Rev Neurol. 7 (7): 369–78. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2011.80. PMC 3932660. PMID 21629240.
  17. ↑ Ockene IS, Miller NH (1997). "Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. American Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction". Circulation. 96 (9): 3243–7. PMID 9386200.
  18. ↑ Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Anand SS, Lofthouse E, Staples N, Baker RI (2000). "Association between high homocyst(e)ine and ischemic stroke due to large- and small-artery disease but not other etiologic subtypes of ischemic stroke". Stroke. 31 (5): 1069–75. PMID 10797167.
  19. ↑ Iso H, Moriyama Y, Sato S, Kitamura A, Tanigawa T, Yamagishi K; et al. (2004). "Serum total homocysteine concentrations and risk of stroke and its subtypes in Japanese". Circulation. 109 (22): 2766–72. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000131942.77635.2D. PMID 15159287.
  20. ↑ Suk SH, Sacco RL, Boden-Albala B, Cheun JF, Pittman JG, Elkind MS; et al. (2003). "Abdominal obesity and risk of ischemic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study". Stroke. 34 (7): 1586–92. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000075294.98582.2F. PMID 12775882.
  21. ↑ Mitchell AB, Cole JW, McArdle PF, Cheng YC, Ryan KA, Sparks MJ; et al. (2015). "Obesity increases risk of ischemic stroke in young adults". Stroke. 46 (6): 1690–2. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008940. PMC 4458137. PMID 25944320.
  22. ↑ Yaghi S, Elkind MS (2015). "Lipids and Cerebrovascular Disease: Research and Practice". Stroke. 46 (11): 3322–8. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.011164. PMC 4624572. PMID 26451029.
  23. ↑ Freiberg JJ, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Jensen JS, Nordestgaard BG (2008). "Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population". JAMA. 300 (18): 2142–52. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.621. PMID 19001625.
  24. ↑ Bansal S, Buring JE, Rifai N, Mora S, Sacks FM, Ridker PM (2007). "Fasting compared with nonfasting triglycerides and risk of cardiovascular events in women". JAMA. 298 (3): 309–16. doi:10.1001/jama.298.3.309. PMID 17635891.
  25. ↑ Remmel KS, Wanahita A, Moore K, Gruenthal M (2006). "Acute ischemic stroke and hypothyroidism". J Ky Med Assoc. 104 (5): 191–3. PMID 16734043.
  26. ↑ Gillum LA, Mamidipudi SK, Johnston SC (2000). "Ischemic stroke risk with oral contraceptives: A meta-analysis". JAMA. 284 (1): 72–8. PMID 10872016.
  27. ↑ Bousser MG, Kittner SJ (2000). "Oral contraceptives and stroke". Cephalalgia. 20 (3): 183–9. PMID 10997772.
  28. ↑ Buttar HS, Li T, Ravi N (2005). "Prevention of cardiovascular diseases: Role of exercise, dietary interventions, obesity and smoking cessation". Exp Clin Cardiol. 10 (4): 229–49. PMC 2716237. PMID 19641674.

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