Pulmonic regurgitation history and symptoms
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Pulmonic regurgitation Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]Aysha Anwar, M.B.B.S[3]
Overview
History
In mild to moderate cases, pulmonic regurgitation is asymptompatic. In more severe pulmonic regurgitation, patients may develop right ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction. Patients with early right ventricular dysfunction are often categorized as NYHA class 1.[1][2] At this stage, research suggests that diagnostic measures such as exercise testing may indicate varying levels of exercise intolerance.[1][3] As right ventricular failure progresses, right ventricular dysfunction becomes more symptomatic. Symptoms may include: dyspnea on exertion, peripheral edema, chest pain and fatigue. Patients may also complain of palpitations, light-headedness, as well as frank syncope. Advanced or later symptoms include the development of ascites, right upper quadrant pain (as a result of hepatic distension), and early satiety.[1]
Prior to the age of 40, symptom onset is rare. Patients over 40 may potentially develop symptoms of right heart failure and present the risk of sudden cardiac death. [1][4]
Symptoms
Care should be paid to symptoms that might be associated with an underlying etiology of the pulmonic regurgitation.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Bouzas B, Kilner PJ, Gatzoulis MA (2005). "Pulmonary regurgitation: not a benign lesion". Eur Heart J. 26 (5): 433–9. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi091. PMID 15640261.
- ↑ Wessel HU, Cunningham WJ, Paul MH, Bastanier CK, Muster AJ, Idriss FS (1980). "Exercise performance in tetralogy of Fallot after intracardiac repair". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 80 (4): 582–93. PMID 7421291.
- ↑ Carvalho JS, Shinebourne EA, Busst C, Rigby ML, Redington AN (1992). "Exercise capacity after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot: deleterious effects of residual pulmonary regurgitation". Br Heart J. 67 (6): 470–3. PMC 1024889. PMID 1622697.
- ↑ Shimazaki Y, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW (1984). "The natural history of isolated congenital pulmonary valve incompetence: surgical implications". Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 32 (4): 257–9. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1023399. PMID 6207619.