Epididymoorchitis overview
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Cases of epididymoorchitis were described in literature as early as 1841.[1]It was believed that epididymitis was caused by chemical irritation caused by urine reflux. However, by 1979, a study showed that bacteria were responsible for more cases. [2]
Classification
Epididymoorchitis can be classified based on the extent of involvement into isolated cases of epididymitis, isolated cases of orchitis or cases of epididymoorchitis. Another means of classifying the disease is based on duration into acute or chronic epididymoorchitis. Finally, it can also be classified according to the causative agent into infectious, non-infectious and idiopathic causes.[2][3]
Pathophysiology
Epididymoorchitis refers to the inflammation of the epididymis and/or testes, with or without infection. While the pathogenesis is not fully understood, infectious epididymoorchitis is thought to be due to retrograde reflux of infected urine into the epididymis, which then spreads to the testes.[2][3]
Causes
The causes of epididymoorchitis can be divided into idiopathic, infectious and non-infectious causes.[4][3]
Differentiating Epididymoorchitis from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
X Ray
CT
MRI
Ultrasound
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
References
- ↑ Taylor AJ (1841). "On the utility of compression in epididymitis: With cases". Prov Med Surg J (1840). 3 (53): 8–10. PMC 2489278. PMID 21379715.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Trojian TH, Lishnak TS, Heiman D (2009). "Epididymitis and orchitis: an overview". Am Fam Physician. 79 (7): 583–7. PMID 19378875.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tracy CR, Steers WD, Costabile R (2008). "Diagnosis and management of epididymitis". Urol. Clin. North Am. 35 (1): 101–8, vii. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.013. PMID 18061028.
- ↑ Luzzi GA, O'Brien TS (2001). "Acute epididymitis". BJU Int. 87 (8): 747–55. PMID 11350430.