Rhinitis classification
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fatimo Biobaku M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
Rhinitis can be classified into allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.[1] Some forms of rhinitis are not easily classified as either allergic or nonallergic.[1] The classification of nonallergic rhinitis is challenging due to the diverse etiology and it is not well understood compared to the allergic type.[2] Nonallergic rhinitis can be induced by non-specific triggers such as exposure to chemical odors, cigarette smoke, spicy food, exercise, cold air, etc.[2]
Classification
Rhinitis can be broadly classified into allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, however, some forms of rhinitis cannot be easily classified into these two categories.[1] A comprehensive classification of rhinitis based on the etiology is depicted below:
| Classification of Rhinitis[1][3] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Class | Types/causes | |
| Allergic rhinitis | US Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters(JTF) classification of allergic rhinitis | Seasonal |
| Perennial | ||
| Episodic | ||
| Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma(ARIA) classification of allergic rhinitis | Intermittent | |
| Persistent | ||
| Nonallergic rhinitis | Vasomotor rhinitis | Irritant triggered |
| Cold air/Dry air | ||
| Exercise | ||
| Emotional | ||
| Undetermined or poorly defined triggers | ||
| Gustatory rhinitis | ||
| Infectious | Acute | |
| Chronic | ||
| NARES
(Nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome) |
||
| Occupational rhinitis | IgE-mediated
(caused by protein and chemical allergens) |
|
| Immune mechanism uncertain
(caused by chemical respiratory sensitizers) |
||
| Work-aggravated rhinitis | ||
| Other rhinitis syndromes | Hormonally induced | Gestational |
| Menstrual cycle related | ||
| Drug-induced | Rhinitis medicamentosa | |
| Oral contraceptives | ||
| Antihypertensives and cardiovascular agents | ||
| Aspirin/NSAIDs | ||
| Other drugs | ||
| Atrophic rhinitis | ||
| Rhinitis associated with inflammatory-immunologic disorders | Granulomatous infections | |
| Wegener granulomatosis | ||
| Sarcoidosis | ||
| Midline granuloma | ||
| Churg-Strauss | ||
| Relapsing polychondritis | ||
| Amyloidosis | ||
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Cox L, Khan DA; et al. (2008). "The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 122 (2 Suppl): S1–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.06.003. PMID PMID:18662584 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Paraskevopoulos, Giannis; Kalogiros, Lampros (March 2016). "Non-Allergic Rhinitis". Current Treatment Options in Allergy. Volume 3 (Issue 1): 45–68. doi:10.1007/s40521-016-0072-6. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
- ↑ Sacre-Hazouri JA (2012). "[Chronic rhinosinusitis in children]". Rev Alerg Mex. 59 (1): 16–24. PMID 24007929 PMID: 24007929 Check
|pmid=value (help).