Septic arthritis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Jumana Nagarwala, M.D., Senior Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital; Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Septic arthritis develops when bacteria or other tiny disease-causing organisms (microorganisms) spread through the bloodstream to a joint. It may also occur when the joint is directly infected with a microorganism from an injury or during surgery.[1] The most common etiological agent of all nongonococcal causes of septic arthritis in the United States is Staphylococcus aureus.[2] The most common sites for this type of infection are the knee and hip. Most cases of acute septic arthritis are caused by bacteria such as staphylococcus or streptococcus. Chronic septic arthritis (which is less common) is caused by organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Candida albicans.Gram-negative bacilli account for 10 to 20% of septic arthritis causes.[2] ~10% of patients with nongonococcal septic arthritis are due to polymicrobial cause of infections. Anaerobes are also can cause septic arthritis in few cases.
Causes
Gram-negative bacilli account for 10 to 20% of septic arthritis causes.[2] ~10% of patients with nongonococcal septic arthritis are due to polymicrobial cause of infections. Anaerobes are also can cause septic arthritis in few cases. Most common cause of septic arthritis in children age < 2 years are Haemophilus influenzae (in immunized children), Staph. aureus, group A Streptococcal infections and Kingella kingae.[3] The source of infection in most of the cases (~50%) often from the skin, lungs or bladder.
Common Causes
Common microorganisms causing septic arthritis includes:[4][5][6][4][7][4][8]
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Streptococcal pyogenous
- Streptococcal agalectae
- Streptococcal pneumonia
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Escherichia coli
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Salmonella
Less Common Causes
- Peptostreptococcus
- Bacteroides fragilis
- Fusobacterium species
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- Brucella
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
References
- ↑ Dubost JJ, Fis I, Denis P, Lopitaux R, Soubrier M, Ristori JM et al. (1993) Polyarticular septic arthritis. Medicine (Baltimore) 72 (5):296-310. PMID: 8412643
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Deesomchok U, Tumrasvin T (1990) Clinical study of culture-proven cases of non-gonococcal arthritis. J Med Assoc Thai 73 (11):615-23. PMID: 2283490
- ↑ Yagupsky P, Bar-Ziv Y, Howard CB, Dagan R (1995) Epidemiology, etiology, and clinical features of septic arthritis in children younger than 24 months. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149 (5):537-40. PMID: 7735407
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 O'Callaghan C, Axford JS (2004). Medicine (2nd ed. ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-05162-0.
- ↑ Bowerman SG, Green NE, Mencio GA (1997) Decline of bone and joint infections attributable to haemophilus influenzae type b. Clin Orthop Relat Res (341):128-33. PMID: 9269165
- ↑ Peltola H, Kallio MJ, Unkila-Kallio L (1998) Reduced incidence of septic arthritis in children by Haemophilus influenzae type-b vaccination. Implications for treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br 80 (3):471-3. PMID: 9619939
- ↑ Topics in Infectious Diseases Newsletter, August 2001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- ↑ Kaandorp CJ, Dinant HJ, van de Laar MA, Moens HJ, Prins AP, Dijkmans BA (1997) Incidence and sources of native and prosthetic joint infection: a community based prospective survey. Ann Rheum Dis 56 (8):470-5. PMID: 9306869