Fungal meningitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Assistant Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby
Overview
While cryptococccus and candida infections occur worldwide, other fungal infections tend to cluster in specific geographical regions. The most common cause of fungal meningitis is Cryptococcus neoformans.
Epidemiology
Cryptococcus Meningitis
- It is the most common cause of fungal meningitis.
- Cryptococcus meningitis occurs worldwide but it is highly prevalent in southeast Asia and southern and east Africa where the prevalence of HIV is elevated.[1]
- It is a common opportunistic infection in patients with HIV and it is considered as an AIDS defining lesion. [2]
- The mortality is high (10-30%).[3]
Geographic Distribution of Endemic Fungi in The United States
- Blastomyces dermatiditis: Midwest and southeast of USA
- Coccidiodes immitis: Southwest of USA
- Histoplasma Capsulatum: Ohio, central Mississippi River Valley[4]
References
- ↑ Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg K (2003) Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Infect Dis, 36, 652–662.
- ↑ Chariyalertsak S, Sirisanthana T, Saengwonloey O, Nelson K (2001) Clinical presentation and risk behaviors of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Thailand, 1994–1998: Regional variation and temporal trends. Clin Infect Dis, 32, 955–962.
- ↑ Van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA et al. (1997) Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med, 337, 15–21.
- ↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.