Fungal meningitis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby; Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]
Overview
Fungal meningitis is initially caused by the inhalation of airborne fungal spores. The pulmonary infection is usually self limited and can be asymptomatic. The most common cause of fungal infection is C. neoformans which is usually found in soil and bird excreta.[1]
Causes
Life-Threatening Causes
Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Fungal meningitis is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes.
Most common cause
The most common cause of fungal meningitis is:
Common causes
Common causes of fungal meningitis include:
- Aspergillus sp.
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Coccidioides immitis
- Candida spp.
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Sporothrix schenckii
Less common causes
Fungal meningitis is rarely causes by the following:
- Xylohypha (formerly Cladosporium) trichoides and other dark-walled (demateaceous) fungi such as Curvularia and Drechslera
- Mucor
- Pseudoallescheria boydii (after water aspiration)[2]
- Arthrographis kalrae[3]
- Pneumocystis jirovecii[4][5]
- Cryptococcus albidus[6]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Arthrographis kalrae, Aspergillus spp, Blastomyces spp, Candida spp, Cladosporium, Coccidioides immitis, Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus gattii infection, Cryptococcus neoformans, Exserohilum, Fungal eye infections, Histoplasma capsulatum, Histoplasmosis, Mucormycosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Pseudoallescheria boydii, Sporothrix schenckii, Xylohypha (formerly cladosporium) |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | No underlying causes |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabethical Order
References
- ↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
- ↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
- ↑ Chin-Hong PV, Sutton DA, Roemer M, Jacobson MA, Aberg JA (2001). "Invasive fungal sinusitis and meningitis due to Arthrographis kalrae in a patient with AIDS". J Clin Microbiol. 39 (2): 804–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.39.2.804-807.2001. PMC 87827. PMID 11158158.
- ↑ Villanueva JL, Cordero E, Caballero-Granado FJ, Regordan C, Becerril B, Pachón J (1997). "Pneumocystis carinii meningoradiculitis in a patient with AIDS". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 16 (12): 940–2. PMID 9495679.
- ↑ Baena Luna MR, Muñoz García J, Grancha Bertolín L, Sanz García M (1998). "[Presence of Pneumocystis carinii in cerebrospinal fluid]". An Med Interna. 15 (5): 265–6. PMID 9629775.
- ↑ Melo JC, Srinivasan S, Scott ML, Raff MJ (1980). "Cryptococcus albidus meningitis". J Infect. 2 (1): 79–82. PMID 7185917.