Fungal meningitis risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby; Prince Tano Djan, BSc, MBChB [2]

Overview

Fungal meningitis rarely occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Co-existing medical conditions, immunosuppression and travel history to areas where specific fungi are endemic are risk factors for fungal meningitis

Risk factors in the development of fungal meningitis include:^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Aspergillus sp.
Blastomyces dermatitidis
- Travel to or residence in midwestern and southeastern USA
- Systemic infection
- Abscesses
- Draining sinus
- Ulcers
Coccidioides immitis
- Exposure history
- Travel to or residence in southwestern United States
- Dark-skinned races
- Elderly individuals
- Income of < $15,000 per year
- Pregnancy
- Persons with diabetes and
- Smoking
Candida sp.
- IV drug abuse
- Post surgery
- Prolonged intravenous therapy
- Disseminated candidiasis
Cryptococcus neoformans
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- Immune suppression examples systemic neoplasia and organ transplantation
- Pigeon exposure
- Skin and other organ involvement due to disseminated infection
Histoplasma capsulatum
- Exposure history
- Travel to or residence in Ohio and central Mississippi River Valley
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- Mucosal lesions
Pseudoallescheria boydii
- Water aspiration
Sporothrix schenckii
- Traumatic inoculation
- IV drug use
- Ulcerated skin lesion^[6]

↑ Shankar SK, Mahadevan A, Sundaram C, Sarkar C, Chacko G, Lanjewar DN; et al. (2007). "Pathobiology of fungal infections of the central nervous system with special reference to the Indian scenario". Neurol India. 55 (3): 198–215. PMID 17921648.
↑ Chiller TM, Galgiani JN, Stevens DA (2003). "Coccidioidomycosis". Infect Dis Clin North Am. 17 (1): 41–57, viii. PMID 12751260.
↑ Singh N, Husain S (2000). "Infections of the central nervous system in transplant recipients". Transpl Infect Dis. 2 (3): 101–11. PMID 11429020.
↑ Rosenstein NE, Emery KW, Werner SB, Kao A, Johnson R, Rogers D; et al. (2001). "Risk factors for severe pulmonary and disseminated coccidioidomycosis: Kern County, California, 1995-1996". Clin Infect Dis. 32 (5): 708–15. doi:10.1086/319203. PMID 11229838.
↑ Gottfredsson M, Perfect JR (2000). "Fungal meningitis". Semin Neurol. 20 (3): 307–22. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9394. PMID 11051295.
↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.