Bronchiolitis epidemiology and demographics

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [2]

Epidemiology and demographics

• Bronchiolitis usually affects children between the ages of 1 month and 1 year, with higher rates of severe disease in patients under 6 months of age.
• The most common cause of bronchiolitis is RSV infection.
• Almost all children will have had an RSV infection by their second birthday. 25% to 40% of children exposed to RSV for the first time will develop signs or symptoms of bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
• 0.5% to 2% of infants under 12 months of age are hospitalized due to bronchiolitis. 80% of hospitalized patients have less than 6 months of age.
• Bronchiolitis presents a seasonal pattern which varies according to climate changes in different geographic locations:

• In temperate climates, RSV infections generally occur during fall, winter, and early spring (between November and March in the northern hemisphere). The timing and severity of RSV circulation in a given community can vary from year to year.
• In tropical areas, bronchiolitis can be seen throughout the year as RSV periods tend to be longer. Seasonal trends of bronchiolitis could be associated to other etiological pathogens with seasonal patterns.

• Mortality rate is low despite the high number of hospitalizations:

• Mortality rate due to bronchiolitis in the U.S. is 2 deaths per 100 000 livebirths and less than 400 deaths during the year.
• Mortality rate due to bronchiolitis in the UK is 1.82 per 100 000 livebirths.

• Bronchiolitis and severe bronchiolitis is more common in males than in females:

• The male to female ratio for severe bronchiolitis is 1.5:1.

Factors associated with hospitalization due to bronchiolitis

• Less than 6 months of age.
• Young maternal age.
• Lower socioeconomic status.
• Exposure to tobacco smoke.
• Atopy history.
• Older siblings.
• Children who attend to daycare facilities.
• Lack of breastfeed.
• Native American and Native Alaskan children tend to have higher hospitalization rates due to bronchiolitis.

• Native American children hospitalization rate due to bronchiolitis: 70.9 per 1000 patients.
• Native Alaskan children hospitalization rate due to bronchiolitis: 48.2 per 1000 patients.

References

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