Hantavirus infection pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Hantaviruses belong to the bunyavirus family of viruses. There are 5 genera within the family: bunyavirus, phlebovirus, nairovirus, tospovirus, and hantavirus. Each is made up of negative-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses. All these genera include arthropod-borne viruses, with the exception of hantavirus, which is rodent-borne. The illness mainly goes through two stages, namely the prodromal phase and the cardiopulmonary phase.

Pathophysiology

Reservoir

Each Hantavirus species is associated with a specific rodent in a given geographic region. Rodent subfamilies associated with hantaviruses include

• Arvicolinae (Europe)
• Murinae (Europe and Asia)
• Sigmodontinae (Americas)

Transmission

Hantavirus is usually transmitted via the inhalation of aerosolized viral antigens or rodent bites. Human to human transmission is seen in American Hantaviruses species (Andes virus).

Incubation period

The incubation period of hantavirus infection is of 9 to 33 days.

Seeding

• Following inhalation the virus replicates in pulmonary macrophages and dendritic cells.

Pahtogenesis

The common pathogenetic mechanism for both the types of infections caused by hantavirus infection is the increase in capillary permeability through direct and immune-regulated pathways.