African trypanosomiasis epidemiology and demographics

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Pilar Almonacid , Aditya Ganti M.B.B.S. [2]

Overview

Currently, it is estimated that the annual prevalance of African trypanosomiasis is less than 20,000. In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization and T. b. gambiense accounted for >98% of cases. There is no age predominance for African trypanosomiasis disease.

Epidemiology

Incidence and prevalance

• The global incidence of African trypanosomiasis is estimated to be 7,000-10,000.
• In 2014, 3,796 sleeping sickness cases were reported to the World Health Organization; T. b. gambiense accounted for >98% of cases.
• Currently, it is estimated that the annual prevalance of African trypanosomiasis is less than 20,000.

Demographics

Age

• There is no age predominance for African trypanosomiasis disease.
• The rate of African trypanosomiasis is high among neonates due to risk of vertical transmission during pregnancy.

Gender

• Men and women are affected equally by African trypanosomiasis.
• Male gender is thought to be associated with worse prognosis than female gender.

Race

• Given the endemicity of the disease in South America, the majority of individuals with African trypanosomiasis are of Hispanic origin.
• However, there is no evidence to demonstrate that there is any racial predilection to the acquisition of the infection.

Geographic distrubution

• African trypanosomiasis is endemic in rural sub-Saharan Africa.
• T. b. rhodesiense is found in eastern and southeastern Africa, mainly Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
• T. b. gambiense is found in central Africa and in limited areas of West Africa, primarily in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, South Sudan, Guinea, Cameroon, Gabon, Côte d’Ivoire, Congo, Chad, and northern Uganda.