Osteoporosis risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2], Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S.[3]
Overview
Risk factors for osteoporosis include both non-modifiable (age, sex, etc.,) and (potentially) modifiable (smoking, alcohol, etc.).
Risk Factors
Common
- Age - common after 50 years old
- Menopause - estrogen deficiency
- Family history of fracture or osteoporosis
- History of at least two fractures [1]
- Alcohol
- Smoking - inhibits the activity of osteoblasts[2]
- Insufficient physical activity - lack of bone remodeling
- Glucocorticoids - cause steroid induced osteoporosis [3]
- Proton pump inhibitors [4]
Less Common
- Low body mass index - being overweight protects against osteoporosis, either by increasing load or through the hormone leptin.[5]
- Low calcium and vitamin D intake - calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency from malnutrition
- Excess physical activity - constant damage to bone and amenorrhea in females
- Heavy metals - Higher cadmium exposure results in osteomalacia (softening of the bone).[6] Lead exposure also causes osteoporosis
- Soft drinks - phosphoric acid may increase chances of osteoporosis[7][8]
- Female athlete triad syndrome
- Barbiturates [9]
References
- ↑ Ojo F, Al Snih S, Ray LA, Raji MA, Markides KS (2007). "History of fractures as predictor of subsequent hip and nonhip fractures among older Mexican Americans". Journal of the National Medical Association. 99 (4): 412–8. PMID 17444431.
- ↑ Wong PK, Christie JJ, Wark JD (2007). "The effects of smoking on bone health". Clin. Sci. 113 (5): 233–41. doi:10.1042/CS20060173. PMID 17663660.
- ↑ Bone and Tooth Society of Great Britain, National Osteoporosis Society, Royal College of Physicians (2003). Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis (PDF). London, UK: Royal College of Physicians of London. ISBN 1-860-16173-1.
- ↑ {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}ang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC (2006). "Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture". JAMA. 296: 2947–53. PMID 17190895.
- ↑ Shapses SA, Riedt CS (2006). "Bone, body weight, and weight reduction: what are the concerns?". J. Nutr. 136 (6): 1453–6. PMID 16702302.
- ↑ Staessen J, Roels H, Emelianov D, Kuznetsova T, Thijs L, Vangronsveld J, Fagard R (1999). "Environmental exposure to cadmium, forearm bone density, and risk of fractures: prospective population study. Public Health and Environmental Exposure to Cadmium (PheeCad) Study Group". Lancet. 353 (9159): 1140–4. PMID 10209978. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Tucker KL, Morita K, Qiao N, Hannan MT, Cupples LA, Kiel DP (2006). "Colas, but not other carbonated beverages, are associated with low bone mineral density in older women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84 (4): 936–42. PMID 17023723.
- ↑ "Soft drinks in schools". Pediatrics. 113 (1 Pt 1): 152–4. 2004. PMID 14702469.
- ↑ Petty SJ, O'Brien TJ, Wark JD (2007). "Anti-epileptic medication and bone health". Osteoporosis international. 18 (2): 129–42. doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0185-z. PMID 17091219.