Cystitis epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Maliha Shakil, M.D. [2], Usama Talib, BSc, MD [3]
Overview
Urinary tract infections are found more frequently in women than in men.[1][2] It is estimated that more than 30% of women will experience at least one episode of cystitis. Of these 30%, 20% women will have recurrent cystitis.[3]Females are more commonly affected with cystitis than males. The female to male ratio is 4 to 1. Acute uncomplicated cystitis commonly affects women ages 18-39 years.[4]
Epidemiology
Incidence
It is estimated that one third of the women population has at least one episode of cystitis in their life time. Of these many will have recurrent cystitis.
- 81% of the total UTIs in the world occur in women.
- 27% of women with an episode of UTI have another episode within the next 6 months while 48% within the next 12 months. [3][5]
- More than 7 million uncomplicated UTIs occur in the US per year.[6]
- Sexually active women are known to have a higher incidence of UTIs than women of other categories. The incidence in women is 0.5-0.7 per year while that in same age men is 5-8 per 10000.[7][8]
- The incidence of UTI is higher in sexually active women than postmenopausal women.[9][10][7]
- There is high incidence of urinary tract infection in immunocompromised, elderly, diabetic, and individuals with indwelling catheters.[11][12]
Prevalence
- Urinary tract infections are the more common in women than in men.[2]
- Almost 30% of the women will experience at least one episode of cystitis during their life span. Of these 30%, 20% of these women will have recurrent cystitis.[3] One reason for the higher prevalence of Cystitis in women is the shorter and straighter urethra that makes it easy for the infection to arched from the urethra into the urinary bladder.
Demographics
Gender
Females are more commonly affected with cystitis than males. The female to male ratio is 4 to 1.[1]
Age
Urinary tract infections can rarely occur in boys in the first year after birth in the presence of a structural defect or due to lack of circumcision. UTIs are less frequent in 2-13 years old girls. Acute uncomplicated cystitis commonly affects women ages 18-39 years.[4][6][13]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Colgan R, Williams M (2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis". Am Fam Physician. 84 (7): 771–6. PMID 22010614.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Geerlings SE (2016). "Clinical Presentations and Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections". Microbiol Spectr. 4 (5). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0002-2012. PMID 27780014.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kurowski K (1998). "The woman with dysuria". Am Fam Physician. 57 (9): 2155–64, 2169–70. PMID 9606306.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hooton TM, Besser R, Foxman B, Fritsche TR, Nicolle LE (2004). "Acute uncomplicated cystitis in an era of increasing antibiotic resistance: a proposed approach to empirical therapy". Clin Infect Dis. 39 (1): 75–80. doi:10.1086/422145. PMID 15206056.
- ↑ Salvatore S, Salvatore S, Cattoni E, Siesto G, Serati M, Sorice P; et al. (2011). "Urinary tract infections in women". Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 156 (2): 131–6. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.01.028. PMID 21349630.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Stamm WE, Norrby SR (2001). "Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and challenges". J Infect Dis. 183 Suppl 1: S1–4. doi:10.1086/318850. PMID 11171002.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, Winter C, Roberts PL, Stapleton AE; et al. (1996). "A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women". N Engl J Med. 335 (7): 468–74. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608153350703. PMID 8672152.
- ↑ Krieger JN, Ross SO, Simonsen JM (1993). "Urinary tract infections in healthy university men". J Urol. 149 (5): 1046–8. PMID 8483206.
- ↑ Jackson, Sara L., et al. "Predictors of urinary tract infection after menopause: a prospective study." The American journal of medicine 117.12 (2004): 903-911.
- ↑ Hooton TM (2012). "Clinical practice. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection". N Engl J Med. 366 (11): 1028–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1104429. PMID 22417256.
- ↑ Nicolle, Lindsay E., et al. "Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in adults." Clinical Infectious Diseases (2005): 643-654.
- ↑ Woodford HJ, George J (2011). "Diagnosis and management of urinary infections in older people". Clin Med (Lond). 11 (1): 80–3. PMID 21404794.
- ↑ Bhat RG, Katy TA, Place FC (2011). "Pediatric urinary tract infections". Emerg Med Clin North Am. 29 (3): 637–53. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2011.04.004. PMID 21782079.