Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state historical perspective

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Historical Perspective

Discovery

• The known history of diabetes dates back to the Egyptian era, and the first documented evidence was found in an Egyptian papyrus dating back to 1552 BC.
• In 1828, von Stosch for the first time described diabetic coma in detail.
• In 1857, Petters discovered acetone in the urine of patients with diabetes.
• In 1865, Gerhardt discovered acetoacetic acid in the urine of patients with diabetes.
• In 1874, Kussmaul also described diabetic coma in detail.
• In 1878, Foster described some cases of diabetic coma and acetonemia.
• In 1883–1884, Stadelmann, Külz, Minkowski found out that in addition to acetone patients with diabetic coma also have β-hydroxybutyric acid.
• In 1884–1886, von Frerichs and Dreschfeld described some cases of patients with diabetic coma but without kussmaul breathing or ketones.
• In 1922, insulin was discovered and isolated by Banting and Best.
• In 1909–1923, Lépine, Revillet, McCaskey and Bock et al also described some cases of patients with diabetic coma without ketonuria.
• In 1930–1935, Lawrence and Joslin described the management of diabetic coma.
• In 1957, Sament, Schwartz, Graeff, and Lips also described some case reports of diabetic coma without ketones and hyperosmolality.
• In 1962, Singer et al explained the relationship of hyperglycemia and osmolality.
• In 1971, Arieff, Carroll and Gerich et al described the modern definition and initial criteria of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state which they called hyperosmolar hyperglycemic non-ketotic state.
• In 1973, Arieff and Kleeman explained the mechanism of cerebral edema in the treatment of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
• In 1976–1977, Alberti, Hockaday and Kitabchi et al described the low-dose insulin protocols.
• In 2004–2009, American Diabetes Association has consensus for the management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state in adults.
• In 2011, Pediatric Endocrine Society guidelines for treatment of HHS in children were published.

Outbreaks

• There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], which are summarized below:

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

• In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].

Famous Cases

• The following are a few famous cases of disease name: