Osteoporosis historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Overview
Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, a British surgeon, in 1800's. He found that the bones in the human body turn over continuously; when some old or dysfunctioned bone tissue is eliminated, to be latter substituted by new tissue. This process is also known as remodeling. Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist during 1830's, found that there are normal holes in every bone but bones in people with specific age and diseases, have holes of larger than normal size. He named this kind of bones as porous, and the disease was named as osteoporosis.
Historical perspective
Here is the diagram that shows the historical perspective of osteoporosis during decades, at a glance.
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- 4000 years old Egyptian mummies showed the revealing sign of osteoporosis called "Dowager's hump"; osteoporosis, Bone with holes, is seen for the first time.
- In 1800's, Osteoporosis was first discovered by John Hunter, the British surgeon. He found that bones in the human body are turning over, continuously; when some old or dysfunctioned bone tissue become eroded and eliminated, the new fully functioned one being substituted. Nowadays, the process is called remodeling, the most important issue in osteoporosis pathophysiology.
- In 1830's, Jean Lobstein, a French pathologist, found that there are normal holes in every bone; but some people's bones from specific age and diseases may have larger holes than normal ones. He eventually named this kind of bone as porous, and the disease got its name; osteoporosis. Many developments have been made in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis over the years; however, osteoporosis remains a significant challenge within the field of medicine.[1]
- In 1830's, the link between age-related reductions in bone density and fracture risk determined by Astley Cooper. The term "osteoporosis", recognition of its pathological appearance is generally attributed to the French pathologist, Lobstein.[2]
- In 1940's, the American endocrinologist, Fuller Albright from Massachusetts General Hospital, linked osteoporosis with the postmenopausal state. Thus, he started to treat menopausal women with estrogen in order to prevent further bone loss.[3]
- In 1960's, researchers developed more sensitive methods to detect early bone loss; such as bone densitometers.
- In 1960's, bisphosphonates which inhibit bone resorption, and revolutionized the treatment of osteoporosis were discovered by Herbert Fleisch.[4]
- In 1984, the National Institute of Health (NIH) publicized this disease, and brought attention to osteoporosis as a significant threat to health; with the emphasis, that bone loss could be reduced by estrogen therapy, calcium supplementation, good nutrition, and exercise.[5]
- In 1980's and 1990's researchers discovered the specific cytokines which influence the activity of osteoclasts, the components that cause the bone breakdown.[6]
- In 1994, World Health Organization (WHO) first used T-score as a measure for classification and definition of various amounts of bone mineral density (BMD). The T-score was determined as the standard deviation of the BMD for a single patient in contrast with a standard population sample. The population sample is always a young, healthy person, matched for sex and race.[7]
- In 1998, Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as raloxifene, entered the market. They have also been found to treat breast tumors and to stimulate the growth of uterine cells.[8]
References
- ↑ "History of Osteoporosis".
- ↑ Lobstein JGCFM. Lehrbuch der pathologischen Anatomie. Stuttgart: Bd II, 1835.
- ↑ Albright F, Bloomberg E, Smith PH (1940). "Postmenopausal osteoporosis". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians. 55: 298–305.
- ↑ Patlak M (2001). "Bone builders: the discoveries behind preventing and treating osteoporosis". FASEB J. 15 (10): 1677E–E. PMID 11481214.
- ↑ "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Development Program: Osteoporosis".
- ↑ Pagliari D, Ciro Tamburrelli F, Zirio G, Newton EE, Cianci R (2015). "The role of "bone immunological niche" for a new pathogenetic paradigm of osteoporosis". Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2015: 434389. doi:10.1155/2015/434389. PMC 4605147. PMID 26491648.
- ↑ "Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group". World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 843: 1–129. 1994. PMID 7941614.
- ↑ Macor, John (2008). Annual reports in medicinal chemistry. London, UK: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780123743442.