Hypogonadism natural history, complications and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]
Overview
If left untreated, patients with hypogonadism will end up with infertility and rheumatic autoimmune diseas. These autoimmune disease include rheumatic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Complications of hypogonadism depend on age and include ambiguous genitalia in the newborn, gynecomastia, and delay of puberty in the prepubertal phase. Complications also include depression and cardiovascular stroke in the adults. Prognosis of hypogonadism is regarded as good for patients who receive treatment and can have a normal life with appropriate medical therapy.
Natural History
- If left untreated, patients with hypogonadism will progress and end up with infertility.
- Untreated testosterone deficiency and hypogonadism have been linked with rheumatic autoimmune diseases as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.[1]
- They also show an increase in the inflammatory markers as the following:
Complications
Complications of hypogonadism depend on the age of the patient. Complications that can develop are enlisted as the following:[2]
- Fetal life:
- Ambiguous genitalia which means genitalia unclear whether it is male or female.
- Puberty:
- Gynecomastia
- Complete delay of puberty
- Impaired gonadal growth
- Adult:
Prognosis
- The prognosis of hypogonadism is good with treatment and patients can have a normal life alongside the appropriate medical therapy.
- Despite the different complications of hypogonadism, they can be managed under appropriate treatment.[3]
References
- ↑ Baillargeon J, Al Snih S, Raji MA, Urban RJ, Sharma G, Sheffield-Moore M; et al. (2016). "Hypogonadism and the risk of rheumatic autoimmune disease". Clin Rheumatol. 35 (12): 2983–2987. doi:10.1007/s10067-016-3330-x. PMID 27325124.
- ↑ Arver S, Luong B, Fraschke A, Ghatnekar O, Stanisic S, Gultyev D; et al. (2014). "Is testosterone replacement therapy in males with hypogonadism cost-effective? An analysis in Sweden". J Sex Med. 11 (1): 262–72. doi:10.1111/jsm.12277. PMID 23937088.
- ↑ Rahnema CD, Lipshultz LI, Crosnoe LE, Kovac JR, Kim ED (2014). "Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment". Fertil Steril. 101 (5): 1271–9. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.002. PMID 24636400.