Toxic multinodular goiter epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
The epidemiology and demographics of toxic multinodular goiter is as below:[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Incidence
- The incidence of toxic multinodular goiter is estimated to be 4.8 cases per 100,000 population per year.
- The incidence of toxic multinodular goiter may be related to the degree of iodine sufficiency.
- Correction of mild iodine deficiency has beneficial effects on the incidence of hyperthyroidism.
- In 1988-89, the correction of mild iodine deficiency led to a steady decline in the total incidence to reach 44% of the control level.
- The decline in total incidence was attributed to a decrease in the incidence of toxic nodular goiter.
Prevalence
- The prevalence of hyperthyroidism is estimated to be 2000 cases per 100,000 population.
- The prevalence of toxic multinodular goiter is 100 cases per 100,000 population and accounts for 5% of all patients with hyperthyroidism.
- The prevalence of toxic adenomas in United States was estimated to be 1.6% of 2846 thyrotoxic patients in a research done in Cleveland. In other words, the prevalence of toxic adenomas in United States is 1580 cases per 100,000 population.
- The prevalence of toxic thyroid nodules was significantly higher in an iodine-deficient population when compared with an iodine-sufficient population.
- In iodine deficient areas, such as some areas of Italy (Pescopagano, in southern Italy), nodular goiter is present in 25-33% of the population.
Age
- Toxic multinodular goiter commonly affects individuals older than 60 years of age.
- Hyperthyroidism associated with an autonomous nodule occurred in 57% of patients aged more than 60 years, whereas 13% of those younger than 60 years were hyperthyroid.
- Toxic multinodular goiter frequency increases with age.
Gender
- Females are more commonly affected by toxic multinodular goiter than men.
- The female to male ratio is 4:1 for toxic multinodular goiter.
Region
- Toxic multinodular goiter is a common disease that tends to affect African nations.
- In developed nations, European countries tend to have a higher prevalence of toxic multinodular goiter as compared to the United States.
- Toxic multinodular goiter is less common in United States. This can be attributed to iodination of table salt.
- Moreover in United States the intake of iodised salt (200 to 600 μg/day) is almost double in quantity as compared to European nations (25 to 100 μg/day).
References
- ↑ Siegel RD, Lee SL (1998). "Toxic nodular goiter. Toxic adenoma and toxic multinodular goiter". Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 27 (1): 151–68. PMID 9534034.
- ↑ Pelizzo MR, Bernante P, Toniato A, Fassina A (1997). "Frequency of thyroid carcinoma in a recent series of 539 consecutive thyroidectomies for multinodular goiter". Tumori. 83 (3): 653–5. PMID 9267482.
- ↑ Pinchera A, Aghini-Lombardi F, Antonangeli L, Vitti P (1996). "[Multinodular goiter. Epidemiology and prevention]". Ann Ital Chir (in Italian). 67 (3): 317–25. PMID 9019982.
- ↑ Gabriel EM, Bergert ER, Grant CS, van Heerden JA, Thompson GB, Morris JC (1999). "Germline polymorphism of codon 727 of human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor is associated with toxic multinodular goiter". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84 (9): 3328–35. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.9.5966. PMID 10487707.
- ↑ Tonacchera M, Vitti P, De Servi M, Agretti P, De Marco G, Chiovato L, Pinchera A (2003). "Gain of function TSH receptor mutations and iodine deficiency: implications in iodine prophylaxis". J. Endocrinol. Invest. 26 (2 Suppl): 2–6. PMID 12762632.
- ↑ Ríos A, Rodríguez JM, Balsalobre MD, Torregrosa NM, Tebar FJ, Parrilla P (2005). "Results of surgery for toxic multinodular goiter". Surg Today. 35 (11): 901–6. doi:10.1007/s00595-004-3051-7. PMID 16249841.