Gynecomastia Diagnostic Study of Choice
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D [2]
Overview
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of gynecomastia. It is diagnosed clinically after a thorough history and physical examination. Laboratory investigations, imaging and exclusion of other conditions like pseudo-gynecomastia and breast cancer, is also helpful in the diagnosis of gynecomastia.
Diagnostic Criteria
- There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of gynecomastia.[1][2][3][4]
- The diagnosis of gynecomastia is primarily based on clinical examination which helps to differentiate it from pseudo gynecomastia and breast cancer.
- Laboratory investigations such as blood hormone levels, renal function tests and liver function tests can also be used to diagnose gynecomastia.
- Imaging, such as a mammogram or ultrasound can be helpful in the diagnosis of gynecomastia. A diagnostic mammogram has a 90 percent sensitivity and specificity.
References
- ↑ Braunstein GD (2007). "Clinical practice. Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 357 (12): 1229–37. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. PMID 17881754.
- ↑ Giordano SH, Buzdar AU, Hortobagyi GN (2002). "Breast cancer in men". Ann. Intern. Med. 137 (8): 678–87. PMID 12379069.
- ↑ Evans GF, Anthony T, Turnage RH, Schumpert TD, Levy KR, Amirkhan RH, Campbell TJ, Lopez J, Appelbaum AH (2001). "The diagnostic accuracy of mammography in the evaluation of male breast disease". Am. J. Surg. 181 (2): 96–100. PMID 11425067.
- ↑ Muñoz Carrasco R, Alvarez Benito M, Muñoz Gomariz E, Raya Povedano JL, Martínez Paredes M (2010). "Mammography and ultrasound in the evaluation of male breast disease". Eur Radiol. 20 (12): 2797–805. doi:10.1007/s00330-010-1867-7. PMID 20571799.