Portal hypertension natural history, complications and prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

Natural History

• The symptoms of portal hypertension usually develop in the third and fourth decades of life, and generally start with symptoms such as esophageal varices, caput medusae, spider angioma, and splenomegaly.
• The symptoms of portal hypertension typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
• If left untreated, [#]% of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].

Complications

• Common complications of portal hypertension include:
  • Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
  • Hepatorenal syndrome
  • Hepatic encephalopathy
  • Congestive gastropathy
  • Hypersplenism
  • Ascites
  • Variceal bleeding
  • Renal failure
  • Hepatic hydrothorax
  • Hepatopulmonary syndrome
  • Portopulmonary hypertension
  • Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy

Prognosis

• Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#]%.
• Depending on the extent of the [tumor/disease progression/etc.] at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
• The presence of [characteristic of disease] is associated with a particularly [good/poor] prognosis among patients with [disease/malignancy].
• [Subtype of disease/malignancy] is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
• The prognosis varies with the [characteristic] of tumor; [subtype of disease/malignancy] have the most favorable prognosis.