Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
[1] PMC1906652
Incidence
- The incidence/prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
- In [year], the incidence/prevalence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number range] cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
Prevalence
- The prevalence of lactose intolerance is approximately 75000 per 100,000 individuals worldwide.[2]
- In North America, the prevalence of lactose intolerance:
- Native America: 79000 per 100,000 individuals
- Black: 75000 per 100,000 individuals
- Hispanics: 51000 per 100,000 individuals
- Caucasians: 21000 per 100,000 individuals
- . In Latin America, Africa and Asia prevalence rates range from 15-100% depending on the population studied.
Age
- The prevalence of lactose intoleance are low in children younger than six years [3][4]
- The prevalence of lactose intoleance inceresed with age
Race
- . Lactose intolerance usually affects individuals of the:[5]
- African Americans
- Hispanics
- Asians
- Asian Americans
- Native Americans
- Europeans and European Americans individuals are less likely to develop lactose intolerance.
Gender
- Lactose intolerance affects men and women equally.
Region
- The majority of lactose intolerance cases are reported in Far East.[6]
- Around the North Sea, in Northwestern Europe has the lowest prevalence of lactose intolerance.
- High rates of lactase intolerance in Africa:[7]
- Nigeria
- Malawi
- Sudan
- Ethiopia
- Uganda
- Low rates of lactase intolerance in Africa:
- Cameroon
- Mali
- South Africa
- Morocco
- Congenital lactase deficiency is a rare disease that tends to affect Finnish population.[8]
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
- Secondary lactase deficiency is more common in children, particularly in developing countries due to high prevalence of infections [9]
References
- ↑ Itan Y, Jones BL, Ingram CJ, Swallow DM, Thomas MG (2010). "A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes". BMC Evol. Biol. 10: 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-36. PMC 2834688. PMID 20144208.
- ↑ Silanikove N, Leitner G, Merin U (2015). "The Interrelationships between Lactose Intolerance and the Modern Dairy Industry: Global Perspectives in Evolutional and Historical Backgrounds". Nutrients. 7 (9): 7312–31. doi:10.3390/nu7095340. PMC 4586535. PMID 26404364.
- ↑ Rao DR, Bello H, Warren AP, Brown GE (1994). "Prevalence of lactose maldigestion. Influence and interaction of age, race, and sex". Dig. Dis. Sci. 39 (7): 1519–24. PMID 8026265.
- ↑ Di Stefano M, Veneto G, Malservisi S, Strocchi A, Corazza GR (2001). "Lactose malabsorption and intolerance in the elderly". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 36 (12): 1274–8. PMID 11761016.
- ↑ Scrimshaw NS, Murray EB (1988). "The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48 (4 Suppl): 1079–159. PMID 3140651.
- ↑ Sahi T (1994). "Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 202: 7–20. PMID 8042019.
- ↑ Mattar R, de Campos Mazo DF, Carrilho FJ (2012). "Lactose intolerance: diagnosis, genetic, and clinical factors". Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 5: 113–21. doi:10.2147/CEG.S32368. PMC 3401057. PMID 22826639.
- ↑ Järvelä I, Enattah NS, Kokkonen J, Varilo T, Savilahti E, Peltonen L (1998). "Assignment of the locus for congenital lactase deficiency to 2q21, in the vicinity of but separate from the lactase-phlorizin hydrolase gene". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63 (4): 1078–85. PMC 1377496. PMID 9758622.
- ↑ Bhatnagar S, Aggarwal R (2007). "Lactose intolerance". BMJ. 334 (7608): 1331–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.39252.524375.80. PMC 1906652. PMID 17599979.
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Lactose Intolerance Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics |
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Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics in the news |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Lactose intolerance epidemiology and demographics |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]
Overview
An estimated 70%[1] of adult humans are considered lactose intolerant, it is uncommon in healthy northern westerners and a few others groups. Between 30 and 50 million Americans are lactose intolerant and certain ethnic and racial populations are more affected than others. Up to 80 percent of African Americans, 80 to 100 percent of American Indians, and 90 to 100 percent of Asian Americans are lactose intolerant. The condition is least common among people of northern European descent.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence and Prevalence
| Human groups | Individuals Examined | Percent Intolerant | Allele frequency |
| Dutch | N/A | 1%[2] | N/A |
| Swedes | N/A | 2%[3] | 0.14 |
| Europeans in Australia | 160 | 4%[3] | 0.20 |
| White people of Northern European and Scandinavian descent | N/A | 5%[4][5] | N/A |
| Danes | N/A | 5%[6] | N/A |
| British | 5–15%[7] | N/A | |
| Swiss | N/A | 10%[3] | 0.316 |
| White Americans | 245 | 12%[3] | 0.346 |
| Tuareg | N/A | 13%[7] | N/A |
| Germans | N/A | 15%[7] | N/A |
| Austrians | N/A | 15–20%[7] | N/A |
| Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians) | N/A | 15%[8] | N/A |
| Northern French | N/A | 17%[7] | N/A |
| Finns | 134 | 18%[3] | 0.424 |
| Central Italians | 65 | 19%[9] | N/A |
| Indian Children | N/A | 20%[4][5] | N/A |
| African Tutsi | N/A | 20%[3] | 0.447 |
| African Fulani | N/A | 23%[3] | 0.48 |
| Bedouins | N/A | 25%[7] | N/A |
| Northern Indians | N/A | 27%[10] | N/A |
| African American Children | N/A | 45%[4] | N/A |
| Indian Adults | 150 | 50%[4][5][11] | N/A |
| Southern Italians | 51 | 41%[9] | N/A |
| Saami (in Russia and Finland) | N/A | 25–60%[12] | N/A |
| Northern Italians | 89 | 52%[9] | N/A |
| North American Hispanics | N/A | 53%[7] | N/A |
| Balkans | N/A | 55%[7] | N/A |
| Mexican American Males | N/A | 55%[4][5] | N/A |
| Cretans | N/A | 56%[4] | N/A |
| African Maasai | 21 | 62%[13] | N/A |
| Southern French | N/A | 65%[7] | N/A |
| Greek Cypriots | N/A | 66%[4][5] | N/A |
| North American Jews | N/A | 68.8%[4][5] | N/A |
| Southern Indians | N/A | 70%[10] | N/A |
| Sicilians | 100 | 71%[14][15] | N/A |
| South Americans | N/A | 65–75%[7] | N/A |
| Rural Mexicans | N/A | 73.8%[4][5] | N/A |
| African Americans | 20 | 75%[3] | 0.87 |
| Kazakhs from northwest Xinjiang | 195 | 76.4% [16] | |
| Lebanese | 75 | 78%[17] | N/A |
| Central Asians | N/A | 80%[7] | N/A |
| Alaskan Eskimo | N/A | 80%[4][5] | N/A |
| Australian Aborigines | 44 | 85%[3] | 0.922 |
| Inner Mongolians | 198 | 87.9%[16] | |
| African Bantu | 59 | 89%[3] | 0.943 |
| Asian Americans | N/A | 90%[4][5] | N/A |
| Northeastern Han Chinese | 248 | 92.3%[16] | |
| Chinese | 71 | 93%[3] | 0.964 |
| Southeast Asians | N/A | 98%[4][5] | N/A |
| Thais | 134 | 98%[3] | 0.99 |
| Native Americans | 24 | 100%[3] | 1.00 |
The statistical significance varies greatly depending on number of people sampled.
Age
Lactose intolerance levels also increase with age. At ages 2 - 3 yrs., 6 yrs., and 9 - 10 yrs., the amount of lactose intolerance is, respectively:
- 6% to 15% in white Americans and northern Europeans
- 18%, 30%, and 47% in Mexican Americans
- 25%, 45%, and 60% in black South Africans
- Approximately 30%, 80%, and 85% in Chinese and Japanese
- 30–55%, 90%, and >90% in Mestizos of Peru[18][19]
Chinese and Japanese populations typically lose between 80 and 90 percent of their ability to digest lactose within three to four years of weaning.
Race
Ashkenazi Jews can keep 20 - 30 percent of their ability to digest lactose for many years.[18][20][21] Of the 10% of the Northern European population that develops lactose intolerance, the development of lactose intolerance is a gradual process spread out over as many as 20 years.[22]Most Japanese can consume 200 ml (8 fl oz) of milk without severe symptoms.[23]
References
- ↑ Kretchmer N. Lactose and lactase: a historical perspective. Gastroenterology, 1971;61, 805–813
- ↑ Genetics of lactose digestion in humans., Flatz, G. , Advances in Human Genetics, 1987
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Lactose and Lactase, Norman Kretchmer, Scientific American, October, 1972
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 Identification of a variant associated with adult-type hypolactasia, Enattah NS, Sahi T, Savilahti E, Terwilliger JD, Peltonen L, Jarvela I, Nat Genet. 2002 Feb;30(2):233–7
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Lactose Intolerance: The Molecular Explanation, UC Davis Nutritional Genomics website
- ↑ Anne Charlotte Jäger, "Laktose-intolerans: Gentest for laktose-intolerans - hurtig og billig diagnostik", DSKB-NYT, no. 1, February 2006.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Michael de Vrese, Anna Stegelmann, Bernd Richter, Susanne Fenselau, Christiane Laue and Jürgen Schrezenmeir,"Probiotics—compensation for lactase insufficiency", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 73, No. 2, 421S-429s, February 2001.
- ↑ Prevalence of the lactase deficiency among the population of the northwestern region of Russia
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Primary adult lactose malabsorption in Italy: regional differences in prevalence and relationship to lactose intolerance and milk consumption, LT Cavalli-Sforza, A Strata, A Barone and L Cucurachi, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 45, 748–754, 1987
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians, Tandon RK, Joshi YK, Singh DS, Narendranathan M, Balakrishnan V, Lal K., Am J Clin Nutr 1981;35:943–6, 1981.
- ↑ Lactose malabsorption in apparently healthy adults in northern India, assessed using lactose hydrogen breath test, Rana SV, Bhasin DK, Naik N, Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, Volume 23, Issue 2, p. 78, 2004
- ↑ A. Kozlov, D. Lisitsyn, "Hypolactasia in Saami subpopulations of Russia and Finland", Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 55(3-4):281–287, 1997.
- ↑ Lactose malabsorption among Masai children of East Africa, RT Jackson, MC Latham, Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Apr;32(4):779–82.
- ↑ Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption and awareness of milk intolerance in Italy, G Roberto Burgio, Gebhard Flatz, Cristiana Barbera, Rosario Patan, Attilio Boner, Cinzia Cajozzo, and Sibylle D Flaiz, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39: pp 100–104, January 1984.
- ↑ Lactose Intolerance, Tuula H. Vesa, Philippe Marteau, and Riitta Korpela, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 19, No. 90002, 165S-175S (2000)
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Prevalence of primary adult lactose malabsorption in three populations of northern China, Wang YG, Yan YS, Xu JJ, Du RF, Flatz SD, Kühnau W, Flatz G., Hum Genet. 1984;67(1):103-6.
- ↑ Lactose intolerance in the Lebanese population and in “Mediterranean lymphoma”, Salah M. Nasrallah, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 32 , pp. 1994–1996, October, 1979.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Genetics and epidemiology of adult-type hypolactasia, Sahi T., Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl ;29:202:7–20, 1994
- ↑ Lactose malabsorption in Mexican-American children, Woteki CE, Weser E, Young EA, Am J Clin Nutr;29:19–24, 1976
- ↑ Genetics of lactose digestion in humans, Flatz G., Adv Hum Genet ;16:1 - 77, 1987
- ↑ Genetics of lactase persistence and lactose intolerance, Swallow DM., Annu Rev Genet ;37:197 - 219, 2003.
- ↑ Systemic lactose intolerance: a new perspective on an old problem, S B Matthews, J P Waud, A G Roberts and A K Campbell, Postgraduate Medical Journal;81:167 - 173, 2005.
- ↑ Studies on the etiology of milk intolerance in Japanese adults, Yoshida Y, Sasaki G, Goto S, Yanagiya S, Takashina K, Gastroenterol Jpn.;10(1):29–34, 1975