ADAR

Adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific
PDB rendering based on 1qbj.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: Template:Homologene2PDBe PDBe, Template:Homologene2uniprot RCSB List of PDB id codes 1qbj​, 1qgp​, 1xmk​, 2acj​, 2gxb​
Identifiers
Symbols	ADAR ; ADAR1; DRADA; DSH; DSRAD; G1P1; IFI-4; IFI4; K88dsRBP; p136
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 9281
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Cellular component Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

Adenosine deaminase, RNA-specific, also known as ADAR, is a human gene.

This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for RNA editing by site-specific deamination of adenosines. This enzyme destabilizes double stranded RNA through conversion of adenosine to inosine. Mutations in this gene have been associated with dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

Further reading

• Valenzuela A, Blanco J, Callebaut C; et al. (1997). "HIV-1 envelope gp120 and viral particles block adenosine deaminase binding to human CD26". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 421: 185–92. PMID 9330696.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wathelet MG, Szpirer J, Nols CB; et al. (1988). "Cloning and chromosomal location of human genes inducible by type I interferon". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 14 (5): 415–26. PMID 3175763.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wang Y, Zeng Y, Murray JM, Nishikura K (1996). "Genomic organization and chromosomal location of the human dsRNA adenosine deaminase gene: the enzyme for glutamate-activated ion channel RNA editing". J. Mol. Biol. 254 (2): 184–95. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0610. PMID 7490742.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Patterson JB, Samuel CE (1995). "Expression and regulation by interferon of a double-stranded-RNA-specific adenosine deaminase from human cells: evidence for two forms of the deaminase". Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (10): 5376–88. PMID 7565688.
• Patterson JB, Thomis DC, Hans SL, Samuel CE (1995). "Mechanism of interferon action: double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase from human cells is inducible by alpha and gamma interferons". Virology. 210 (2): 508–11. doi:10.1006/viro.1995.1370. PMID 7618288.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• O'Connell MA, Krause S, Higuchi M; et al. (1995). "Cloning of cDNAs encoding mammalian double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase". Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (3): 1389–97. PMID 7862132.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kim U, Wang Y, Sanford T; et al. (1994). "Molecular cloning of cDNA for double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase, a candidate enzyme for nuclear RNA editing". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (24): 11457–61. PMID 7972084.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Weier HU, George CX, Greulich KM, Samuel CE (1996). "The interferon-inducible, double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase gene (DSRAD) maps to human chromosome 1q21.1-21.2". Genomics. 30 (2): 372–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.0034. PMID 8586444.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Liu Y, George CX, Patterson JB, Samuel CE (1997). "Functionally distinct double-stranded RNA-binding domains associated with alternative splice site variants of the interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (7): 4419–28. PMID 9020165.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Valenzuela A, Blanco J, Callebaut C; et al. (1997). "Adenosine deaminase binding to human CD26 is inhibited by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and viral particles". J. Immunol. 158 (8): 3721–9. PMID 9103436.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Herbert A, Alfken J, Kim YG; et al. (1997). "A Z-DNA binding domain present in the human editing enzyme, double-stranded RNA adenosine deaminase". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 (16): 8421–6. PMID 9237992.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Liu Y, Herbert A, Rich A, Samuel CE (1998). "Double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase: nucleic acid binding properties". Methods. 15 (3): 199–205. doi:10.1006/meth.1998.0624. PMID 9735305.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• George CX, Samuel CE (1999). "Human RNA-specific adenosine deaminase ADAR1 transcripts possess alternative exon 1 structures that initiate from different promoters, one constitutively active and the other interferon inducible". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (8): 4621–6. PMID 10200312.
• Schwartz T, Rould MA, Lowenhaupt K; et al. (1999). "Crystal structure of the Zalpha domain of the human editing enzyme ADAR1 bound to left-handed Z-DNA". Science. 284 (5421): 1841–5. PMID 10364558.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Schade M, Turner CJ, Kühne R; et al. (1999). "The solution structure of the Zalpha domain of the human RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 reveals a prepositioned binding surface for Z-DNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (22): 12465–70. PMID 10535945.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Blanco J, Valenzuela A, Herrera C; et al. (2000). "The HIV-1 gp120 inhibits the binding of adenosine deaminase to CD26 by a mechanism modulated by CD4 and CXCR4 expression". FEBS Lett. 477 (1–2): 123–8. PMID 10899322.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Herrera C, Morimoto C, Blanco J; et al. (2001). "Comodulation of CXCR4 and CD26 in human lymphocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (22): 19532–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004586200. PMID 11278278.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wong SK, Sato S, Lazinski DW (2001). "Substrate recognition by ADAR1 and ADAR2". RNA. 7 (6): 846–58. PMID 11421361.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Eckmann CR, Neunteufl A, Pfaffstetter L, Jantsch MF (2001). "The human but not the Xenopus RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 has an atypical nuclear localization signal and displays the characteristics of a shuttling protein". Mol. Biol. Cell. 12 (7): 1911–24. PMID 11451992.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)