YARS

Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase
File:PBB Protein YARS image.jpg PDB rendering based on 1n3l.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: Template:Homologene2PDBe PDBe, Template:Homologene2uniprot RCSB List of PDB id codes 1n3l​, 1ntg​, 1q11​
Identifiers
Symbols	YARS ; CMTDIC; TYRRS; YRS; YTS
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 2730
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Cellular component Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
File:PBB GE YARS 212048 s at tn.png
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, also known as YARS, is a human gene.

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze the aminoacylation of tRNA by their cognate amino acid. Because of their central role in linking amino acids with nucleotide triplets contained in tRNAs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are thought to be among the first proteins that appeared in evolution. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Cytokine activities have also been observed for the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, after it is split into two parts, an N-terminal fragment that harbors the catalytic site and a C-terminal fragment found only in the mammalian enzyme. The N-terminal fragment is an interleukin-8-like cytokine, whereas the released C-terminal fragment is an EMAP II-like cytokine.

Further reading

• Ewalt KL, Schimmel P (2002). "Activation of angiogenic signaling pathways by two human tRNA synthetases". Biochemistry. 41 (45): 13344–9. PMID 12416978.
• Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. PMID 8125298.
• Ribas de Pouplana L, Frugier M, Quinn CL, Schimmel P (1996). "Evidence that two present-day components needed for the genetic code appeared after nucleated cells separated from eubacteria". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1): 166–70. PMID 8552597.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Kleeman TA, Wei D, Simpson KL, First EA (1997). "Human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase shares amino acid sequence homology with a putative cytokine". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (22): 14420–5. PMID 9162081.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K; et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. PMID 9373149.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wakasugi K, Quinn CL, Tao N, Schimmel P (1998). "Genetic code in evolution: switching species-specific aminoacylation with a peptide transplant". EMBO J. 17 (1): 297–305. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.1.297. PMID 9427763.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Wakasugi K, Schimmel P (1999). "Two distinct cytokines released from a human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase". Science. 284 (5411): 147–51. PMID 10102815.
• Wakasugi K, Schimmel P (1999). "Highly differentiated motifs responsible for two cytokine activities of a split human tRNA synthetase". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (33): 23155–9. PMID 10438485.
• Austin J, First EA (2002). "Catalysis of tyrosyl-adenylate formation by the human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (17): 14812–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.M103396200. PMID 11856731.
• Austin J, First EA (2002). "Potassium functionally replaces the second lysine of the KMSKS signature sequence in human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (23): 20243–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201923200. PMID 11927599.
• Wakasugi K, Slike BM, Hood J; et al. (2002). "Induction of angiogenesis by a fragment of human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (23): 20124–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.C200126200. PMID 11956181.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Austin J, First EA (2002). "Comparison of the catalytic roles played by the KMSKS motif in the human and Bacillus stearothermophilus trosyl-tRNA synthetases". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (32): 28394–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M204404200. PMID 12016229.
• Yang XL, Skene RJ, McRee DE, Schimmel P (2003). "Crystal structure of a human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase cytokine". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (24): 15369–74. doi:10.1073/pnas.242611799. PMID 12427973.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Jia J, Li B, Jin Y, Wang D (2003). "Expression, purification, and characterization of human tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase". Protein Expr. Purif. 27 (1): 104–8. PMID 12509991.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Gevaert K, Goethals M, Martens L; et al. (2004). "Exploring proteomes and analyzing protein processing by mass spectrometric identification of sorted N-terminal peptides". Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (5): 566–9. doi:10.1038/nbt810. PMID 12665801.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Jordanova A, Thomas FP, Guergueltcheva V; et al. (2004). "Dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth type C maps to chromosome 1p34-p35". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (6): 1423–30. PMID 14606043.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Yang XL, Otero FJ, Skene RJ; et al. (2004). "Crystal structures that suggest late development of genetic code components for differentiating aromatic side chains". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (26): 15376–80. doi:10.1073/pnas.2136794100. PMID 14671330.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T; et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)