Mesenteric ischemia history and symptoms

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Overview

The hallmark of mesenteric ischemia symptoms is 'abdominal pain out of proportion to the examination findings'. A positive history of chronic cardiovascular disorder, old age and abdominal pain is suggestive of mesenteric ischemia . The most common symptoms of mesenteric ischemia include excruciating abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and nausea/vomiting. Symptoms of chronic mesenteric ischemia caused by atherosclerosis include abdominal pain after eating and diarrhea, while that of acute mesenteric artery ischemia due to an embolus include diarrhea, sudden severe abdominal pain, and vomiting.

Patients suffering from mesenteric ischemia may have a positive history of:^[1]^[2]

Personal history	Medical history	Surgical history	Family history
History of smoking High cholesterol level Sedentery life style	Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Vasculitis Peripheral artery disease Irregular cardiac rythm disorders such as atrial fibrillation Malignancy Chronic liver disease Portal vein thrombosis Inflammatory disease Thrombophilia Inflammatory bowel disease	Recent abdominal surgery	Family history of Deep venous thrombosis Pulmonary embolism Myeloproliferative disorders

The severity and rapidity of mesenteric vessels occlusion determine the symptoms of mesenteric ischemia. ^[3]^[4]^[5]

Systemic classification of acute and chronic mesenteric ischemia symptoms is as follows:

colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;"	Acute mesenteric ischemia	colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;"	Chronic mesenteric ischemia
General symptoms	Gastrointestinal symptoms	Life threatening symptoms	General symptoms	Gastrointestinal symptoms
Malaise Nausea (44%) Fever Mental confusion Heart rate > 100 in 33%	Abdominal Pain:(present in 95% cases) Site: Periumbilical. Focal pain in case of bowel necrosis. Onset: Sudden Character: Sharp or colicky Severity: Moderate to severe Timing, duration and frequency: Arterial occlusion: 2-3 hours Venous occlusion: 5 hours to more than 30 days Aggravating and relieving factors: No association with meals Other associations: Urgency to bowel movements Vomiting (35%) Diarrhea (35%) Constipation Blood per rectum Abdominal distention Increased frequency of bowel movements	Signs of shock: Palpitations Low blood pressure Altered mental status Shortness of breath	Nausea Bloating	Abdominal pain: Site: Poorly localised Onset: Insidious Character: Transient episodes of pain. Severity: Mild Timing, duration and frequency: Months Aggravating and relieving factors: Worse after meals. Other associations: Fullness after eating Worsening abdominal pain Aversion to eating Unintentional weight loss Diarrhea

↑ Veenstra RP, ter Steege RW, Geelkerken RH, Huisman AB, Kolkman JJ (2012). "The cardiovascular risk profile of atherosclerotic gastrointestinal ischemia is different from other vascular beds". Am J Med. 125 (4): 394–8. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.09.013. PMID 22305578.
↑ Sreenarasimhaiah J (2005). "Chronic mesenteric ischemia". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 19 (2): 283–95. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2004.11.002. PMID 15833694.
↑ Oldenburg WA, Lau LL, Rodenberg TJ, Edmonds HJ, Burger CD (2004). "Acute mesenteric ischemia: a clinical review". Arch. Intern. Med. 164 (10): 1054–62. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.10.1054. PMID 15159262.
↑ Font VE, Hermann RE, Longworth DL (1989). "Chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis: difficult diagnosis and therapy". Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 56 (8): 823–8. PMID 2691119.
↑ Bobadilla, Joseph L. (2013). "Mesenteric Ischemia". Surgical Clinics of North America. 93 (4): 925–940. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2013.04.002. ISSN 0039-6109.