Mesenteric ischemia surgery
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]
Overview
Surgery in mesenteric ischemia is done to resect the ischemic bowel in order to prevent the complications. However, in case of acute embolic type of mesenteric ischemia, early laparotomy and surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment.
Surgery
- The goals of surgical therapy are as follows:
- Intestinal viability is defined as the maximum vital element influencing outcome in patients with AMI.
- Non-viable bowel, if unrecognized, can cause multi-organ failure and lead to the death eventually.
- Laparotomy allows to determine the viability of the bowel.
- After preliminary resuscitation, midline laparotomy should be done to observe the areas of gut with choices for resection of all the necrotic areas. In instances of uncertainty, intraoperative Doppler can be beneficial.
Approach to treatment
The treatment modality chosen for the patient depends on the type and the location of occlusion, along with hemodyanamic stability.
Surgical versus endovascular intervention
Endovascular intervention
- Hemodyanamically stable patients and those who do not have clinical or radiological signs of ischemia are preferred candidates for endovascular intervention.
- Using endovascular intervention as the primary modality of treatment helps reduce complications and provides better outcome.
Pharmacomechanical thrombolysis
Mesenteric angioplasty/stenting
Retrograde open mesenteric stenting
Abdominal exploration and damage control
Revascularization
- Embolectomy:
The conventional treatment offered for mesenteric embolism is embolectomy. It clears the thrombus and helps assess the bowel viability.
- Mesenteric bypass:
For mesenteric thrombosis, open surgical intervention is done followed by intraoperative retrograde superior mesenteric artery angiplasty and stenting for the atherosclerotic plaques.
Bowel and abdominal closure:
Postprocedural care and follow up:
Second-look lapratomy and abdominal wall closure:
Surgical procedure options:
- Balloon catheter embolectomy of the superior mesenteric artery
- For restoration of blood flow in acute mesenteric ischemia, antegrade aorto-mesenteric bypass from supraceliac aorta is the best choice.
- Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is also considered for revascularization in some case reports.
- A new hybrid endovascular-surgical technique for managing mesenteric ischemia has been proposed.
- Laprotomy is done when transmural bowel infacrction has occured.
References
- ↑ Arthurs ZM, Titus J, Bannazadeh M, Eagleton MJ, Srivastava S, Sarac TP; et al. (2011). "A comparison of endovascular revascularization with traditional therapy for the treatment of acute mesenteric ischemia". J Vasc Surg. 53 (3): 698–704, discussion 704-5. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2010.09.049. PMID 21236616.
- ↑ Björnsson S, Resch T, Acosta S (2013). "Symptomatic mesenteric atherosclerotic disease-lessons learned from the diagnostic workup". J Gastrointest Surg. 17 (5): 973–80. doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2139-z. PMID 23307340.
- ↑ Sharafuddin MJ, Nicholson RM, Kresowik TF, Amin PB, Hoballah JJ, Sharp WJ (2012). "Endovascular recanalization of total occlusions of the mesenteric and celiac arteries". J Vasc Surg. 55 (6): 1674–81. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2011.12.013. PMID 22516890.
- ↑ Luo QZ, Lin L, Gong Z, Mei B, Xu YJ, Huo Z; et al. (2011). "Positive association of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A polymorphism with leukemia susceptibility in the people of Han nationality of Southern China". Tissue Antigens. 78 (3): 178–84. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01748.x. PMID 21810082.
- ↑ Lee RW, Bakken AM, Palchik E, Saad WE, Davies MG (2008). "Long-term outcomes of endoluminal therapy for chronic atherosclerotic occlusive mesenteric disease". Ann Vasc Surg. 22 (4): 541–6. doi:10.1016/j.avsg.2007.09.019. PMID 18620112.
- ↑ Sarac TP, Altinel O, Kashyap V, Bena J, Lyden S, Sruvastava S; et al. (2008). "Endovascular treatment of stenotic and occluded visceral arteries for chronic mesenteric ischemia". J Vasc Surg. 47 (3): 485–491. doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2007.11.046. PMID 18295100.