Ileus causes
|
Ileus Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Ileus causes On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Ileus causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Akshun Kalia M.B.B.S.[2]
Overview
Common causes of ileus include surgery (major abdominal & non-abdominal operations), metabolic and electrolyte disturbances (hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia), endocrinological disorders (such as diabetes, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency), systemic disorders (such as myocardial infarction, pneumonia, renal failure) trauma, sepsis, drugs (such as opiates, anticholinergic agents, autonomic blockers, tricyclic antidepressants and general anesthesia).
Causes
Common Causes
The common causes of ileus include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
- Any abdominal surgery
- Acute pancreatitis
- Hypokalemia
- Mechanical ventilation
- Morphine
- Pancreatitis
- Peritonitis
- Retroperitoneal hematoma
- Mesenteric infarction
- Uremia
- Urosepsis
- Trauma
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | Heart Attack | |
| Chemical/Poisoning | Lead poisoning, Thallium | |
| Dental | No underlying causes | |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes | |
| Drug Side Effect | Anticholinergic drugs, Acetaminophen and Oxycodone, Antihistamines, Benzatropine, Ixabepilone, Ioxilan,Lanthanum carbonate, Loperamide, meclofenamate,Meropenem, Morphine, Olanzapine, Opiates, Pramipexole, Vinblastine | |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes | |
| Endocrine | Diabetic coma, Diabetic ketoacidosis, Hyperparathyroidism | |
| Environmental | No underlying causes | |
| Gastroenterologic | Adenomatous polyps, Annular pancreas, Appendicitis, Atresia, Biliary calculus, Cholecystitis, Cholecystolithiasis, Colon Cancer, Complications of intra-abdominal surgery, Congenital megacolon, Crohn's Disease, Diverticular stricture, Diverticulitis, Gallstone ileus, Gastrointestinal bleeding, Hematoma of the bowel wall, Hemoperitoneum, Hernia, Incarcerated hernia, Intestinal ischaemia, Intrabdominal hematoma, intussusception , Megacolon, Mesenteric infarction, Mesenteric ischemia, Multiple polyposis syndromes, Superior mesenteric artery occlusion, Ulcer perforation, Ulcerative colitis, Volvulus | |
| Genetic | Hirschprung's disease, Imperforate anus, Malrotation, Meckel's Diverticulum | |
| Hematologic | Lymphoma, Retroperitoneal hematoma | |
| Iatrogenic | Abdominal surgery, adhesions, Anastomotic leaks, Joint or spine surgery, Laparotomy, Postoperative, Surgery complication, Surgical anastomosis | |
| Infectious Disease | Peritonitis , Abdominal infections, Abdominopelvic abscess, Ascariades, Botulism, Infections, Intrabdominal abscess, intraperitoneal infection, Osteomyelitis of the spine, Pancreatitis, Perinephric abscess, Peritonitis, Pneumatosis intestinalis, Pneumonia, Psoas abscess, Sepsis, Severe generalized infections , Tuberculosis, Urosepsis | |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes | |
| Neurologic | Spinal cord inflammation, Spinal cord injury | |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Acute intermittent porphyria | |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | Endometriosis, Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, Pregnancy | |
| Oncologic | Cancer, Peritoneal carcinomatosis, Sarcoma, lymphoma | |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes | |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes | |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes | |
| Pulmonary | Mechanical ventilation | |
| Renal/Electrolyte | Acid-base imbalance disturbance, Hypokalaemia, Hypomagnesemia, Kidney diseases, Pyelonephritis, Renal colic, | |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Connective tissue disease, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Scleroderma | |
| Sexual | No underlying causes | |
| Trauma | Injury or trauma to abdomin , Injury to the abdominal blood supply , Penetrating wounds | |
| Urologic | No underlying causes | |
| Miscellaneous | Apoplexy, Burns, Cysts, Disorders that affect muscle function, foreign bodies , Radiation induced stenosis |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Causes based on type of obstruction
Earlier, the term ileus was used to describe temporary cessation of intestinal peristalsis. In the recent times, the term "ileus" has been modified to include temporary cessation of intestinal peristalsis in the absence of mechanical obstruction. However, in order to include all the causes, we are hereby including all the causes which may lead to cessation of intestinal peristalsis. The list as below:
Mechanical Obstruction
- Adenomatous polyps
- Adhesions
- Adhesive bands
- Annular pancreas
- Ascariades
- Atresia
- Biliary calculus
- Bowel duplication
- Carcinomatosis
- Colon Cancer
- Congenital megacolon
- Crohn's Disease
- Cysts
- Diverticular stricture
- Diverticulitis
- Endometriosis
- Foreign body
- Gallstone ileus
- Hematoma of the bowel wall
- Hernia
- Hirschprung's disease
- Iatrogenic
- Imperforate anus
- Incarcerated hernia
- Inflammatory
- Intrabdominal abscess
- Intrabdominal hematoma
- Invagination, intussisception
- Ischemia
- Malrotation
- Meckel's Diverticulum
- Megacolon
- Multiple polyposis syndromes
- Neoplasm
- Ovarian Cancer
- Pneumatosis intestinalis
- Postoperative
- Pregnancy
- Radiation induced stenosis
- Sarcoma
- Scleroderma
- Surgical anastomosis
- Therapy with dietary fiber
- Trauma
- Tuberculosis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Volvulus
Non-Mechanical Obstruction
- Acid-base imbalance
- Acute pancreatitis
- Anticholinergics
- Antihistamines
- Apoplexy
- Brain tumor
- Cancer
- Catecholamines
- Cholecystolithiasis
- Connective tissue disease
- Diabetic coma
- Empyema
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypokalemia
- Lead poisoning
- Lymphoma
- Mechanical ventilation
- Mesenteric infarction
- Morphine
- Narcotics
- Osteomyelitis of the spine
- Ovarian torsion
- Pancreatitis
- Penetrating wounds
- Perinephric abscess
- Peritoneal carcinomatosis
- Peritonitis
- Pneumonia
- Porphyria
- Postoperative
- Psoas abscess
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal colic
- Retroperitoneal hematoma
- Spinal cord inflammation
- Spinal cord injury
- Spinal cord trauma
- Systemic infection
- Testicular torsion
- Ulcer perforation
- Uremia
- Urosepsis
- Vitamin deficiency
Pseudo-Obstruction
- Aerophagia
- Functional bowel disease
References
- ↑ Funder JA, Tolstrup R, Jepsen BN, Iversen LH (2017). "Postoperative paralytic ileus remains a problem following surgery for advanced pelvic cancers". J. Surg. Res. 218: 167–173. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.044. PMID 28985845.
- ↑ Aday U, Gündeş E, Değer KC, Çiyiltepe H, Kayıpmaz Ş, Duman M (2017). "A rare cause of ileus: late jejunal stricture following blunt abdominal trauma". Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 23 (1): 74–76. PMID 28261776.
- ↑ Stakenborg N, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Boeckxstaens GE (2017). "Postoperative Ileus: Pathophysiology, Current Therapeutic Approaches". Handb Exp Pharmacol. 239: 39–57. doi:10.1007/164_2016_108. PMID 27999957.
- ↑ Boobés K, Rosa RM, Batlle D (2017). "Hypokalemia associated with acute colonic pseudo-obstruction in an ESRD patient". Clin. Nephrol. 87 (2017) (3): 152–156. doi:10.5414/CN109002. PMID 28025959.
- ↑ Guay J, Nishimori M, Kopp SL (2016). "Epidural Local Anesthetics Versus Opioid-Based Analgesic Regimens for Postoperative Gastrointestinal Paralysis, Vomiting, and Pain After Abdominal Surgery: A Cochrane Review". Anesth. Analg. 123 (6): 1591–1602. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000001628. PMID 27870743.
- ↑ Drake TM, Ward AE (2016). "Pharmacological management to prevent ileus in major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 20 (6): 1253–64. doi:10.1007/s11605-016-3140-0. PMID 27073081.
- ↑ Baig MK, Wexner SD (2004). "Postoperative ileus: a review". Dis. Colon Rectum. 47 (4): 516–26. doi:10.1007/s10350-003-0067-9. PMID 14978625.