Jaundice historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farnaz Khalighinejad, MD [2]
Overview
Jaundice comes from the French word jaune, meaning yellow. It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow, but this is not true. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. Alexander Pope, in 'An Essay on Criticism' (1711), wrote: "All seems infected that the infected spy, as all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye."
Historical Perspective
- Jaundice comes from the French word jaune in circa 1300AD, meaning yellow. And the word ‘jaunis’ itself is derived from an earlier French word ‘jalnice.[1]
- The ideas of obstructive jaundice came up in the year 1935 with Whipple.[2]
- The first time in 1939 in England the terms infective hepatitis was used,and the term infectious hepatitis was first used in the years 1943 in USA. Before this, jaundice as an adverse effect of vaccination was noted as early as 1885 by Luhrman.[3]
- In the year 1908, McDonald suggested that jaundice may be caused by an agent much smaller than a bacterium.
- During WWII, approximately 16 million people were killed as a consequence of hepatitis.This led to lot of research on vaccine and different type of hepatitis.[4]
- By 1947 it was apparent that there were two types of hepatitis: epidemic/infectious hepatitis and serum hepatitis (SH). Epidemic hepatitis had a short incubation period, serum hepatitis had long incubation period.[3]
- In 1953, World Health Organization (WHO) suggested usage of the terms hepatitis A for infectious hepatitis and hepatitis B for SH.[3]
- By 1974, it was apparent that there was a third virus other than Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV), whence it was referred to as non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH).
References
- ↑ "www.etymonline.com".
- ↑ van der Gaag NA, Kloek JJ, de Castro SM, Busch OR, van Gulik TM, Gouma DJ (2009). "Preoperative biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice: history and current status". J. Gastrointest. Surg. 13 (4): 814–20. doi:10.1007/s11605-008-0618-4. PMID 18726134.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Thomas RE, Lorenzetti DL, Spragins W (2013). "Mortality and morbidity among military personnel and civilians during the 1930s and World War II from transmission of hepatitis during yellow fever vaccination: systematic review". Am J Public Health. 103 (3): e16–29. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301158. PMC 3673520. PMID 23327242.
- ↑ Trepo C (2014). "A brief history of hepatitis milestones". Liver Int. 34 Suppl 1: 29–37. doi:10.1111/liv.12409. PMID 24373076.