Acute diarrhea risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]
Overview
Risk factors
Most common risk factors for Acute diarrhea include: [1] [2] [3] [4]
- Travel:
- Bacteria: Examples: Enterotoxigenic E.coli ETEC, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Aeromonas, Plesiomonas.
- Virus: Examples: Rota virus, Noro virus (Cruise ship diarrhea), Enteric Adenovirus.
- Parasites and Protozoans: Examples: Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium, Giardia.
- Epidemics and Outbreaks:
- Bacterial:Shigella, Vibrio cholerae
- Viral:Noro virus, Rota virus.
- Protozoan: Example: Cryptosporidium
- Animal contact: Examples: Non typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter
- Day care: Common organisms include Noro virus, Rota virus, Shigella, Cryptosporidium.
- Poor sanitation and crowding
- Water exposure: Swimming pools and Marine environment (Shigella, Aeromonas, Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
- Food history:
- Consumption of raw or undercooked meats,Fish, Canned foods, Raw eggs,Frozen food (Examples: Salmonella, STEC, Clostridium perfringens, L.monocytogenes)
- Antibiotic use and Hospitalization:
- Clostridium difficile
- Drug side effects( eg: Broad spectrum antibiotics, Anti fungals, Immunosuppressants)
- Ischemic colitis(initially acute then chronic)
- Homosexual men
- Immunosupression: HIV,CMV, Cryptosporidia, Mycobacterium Avium complex, Medications, Transplant recipients.
- Old age
- ↑ Dunn N, Gossman WG. PMID 29083755. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Gould LH, Walsh KA, Vieira AR, Herman K, Williams IT, Hall AJ, Cole D (2013). "Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1998-2008". MMWR Surveill Summ. 62 (2): 1–34. PMID 23804024.
- ↑ "Severe Clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 54 (47): 1201–5. 2005. PMID 16319813.
- ↑ Efstratiou A, Ongerth JE, Karanis P (2017). "Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks - An update 2011-2016". Water Res. 114: 14–22. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.036. PMID 28214721.